1. 1. Introduction to the Climate System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview of Midlatitude Climate 1.3 Overview of Tropical Climate Key Concepts from today’s Lecture: Earth’s energy balance (basics) Atmospheric circulations in midlatitudes – jets, cyclones and anticyclones Atmospheric circulations in tropics – monsoons, ITCZ, seasonality Physics of large-scale circulations in the tropics

2. The amount of energy received by the earth Figure 2.2 Figure 2.1 Solar Radiation Received at TOA Outgoing radiation Solar absorbed Northward transport of energy Northward transport by atmosphere

3. Figure 2.3 Annual variations in energy received by the earth

4. Mean Meridional Circulations Figure 2.4

5. Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.5

6. Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.6

7. Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.7

8. Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.8

9. 1.2 Introduction: Overview of Midlatitude Climate

10. Asymmetric Circulations Figure 2.9

11. Asymmetric Circulations Figure 2.10

12. Asymmetric Circulations Figure 2.11

13. Figure 2.12

14. Rainfall Figure 2.13

15. 1.3 Introduction: Overview of Tropical Climate Figure 2.14

16. Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.15

17. Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.16

18. 1.3 Introduction: Overview of Tropical Climate Figure 2.17

19. Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.18

20. 1.5 Zonal and time mean circulations Figure 2.19

21. 1.3 Introduction: Overview of Tropical Climate Figure 2.20

22. Figure 2.21

23. 4.1 Introduction Westward moving synoptic waves characterize the whole tropics They are tropospheric waves, that modulate the rainfall and move at about 8m/s and have wavelengths of 2000-4000km. Figure 2.22

24. Figure 2.23

25. Figure 2.24

26. 1. Introduction to the Climate System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview of Midlatitude Climate 1.3 Overview of Tropical Climate Key Concepts from today’s Lecture: Earth’s energy balance (basics) Atmospheric circulations in midlatitudes – jets, cyclones and anticyclones Atmospheric circulations in tropics – monsoons, ITCZ, seasonality Physics of large-scale circulations in the tropics