1. Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal extracts as bioherbicides Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra University of Idaho Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra University of Idaho

2. Outline Background Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals Justification Greenhouse seed meal extract study Background Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals Justification Greenhouse seed meal extract study

3. Research at UI Interdisciplinary research for obtaining EPA registration Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals (yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences Interdisciplinary research for obtaining EPA registration Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals (yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences

4. % of farmed acres in US certified organic

5. Number of organic acres farmed per state

6. Organic Farming Research Foundation, www.ofrf.org

7. Mustard Rapeseed Canola Broccoli Cauliflower Kale Mustard Rapeseed Canola Broccoli Cauliflower Kale Brassicaceae crops Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

8. Biological & Agricultural Engineering

9. 28 – 40%

11. Glucosinolate > 120 Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

12. Introduction Glucosinolates -enzymatically degrade into 2° compounds -water soluble anions Glucosinolates -enzymatically degrade into 2° compounds -water soluble anions + H 2 O Enzyme (myrosinase) Enzyme (myrosinase) Glucosinolate

13. Introduction – Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g) Ionic thiocyanate (SCNˉ) (~165 μ mol/g) – Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc. Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g) – Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g) Ionic thiocyanate (SCNˉ) (~165 μ mol/g) – Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc. Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g)

14. Justification and Objectives Management of weeds one of the most expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool Management of weeds one of the most expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool

15. Extraction Experiment

16. Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments: -water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) - dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE - extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST - extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments: -water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) - dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE - extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST - extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST Materials and Methods

17. ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments Materials and Methods 2 lf stage for POST treatments

18. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce and wheat biomass SAS version 9.1 SAS version 9.1 -Non-linear regression techniques Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce and wheat biomass SAS version 9.1 SAS version 9.1 -Non-linear regression techniques Materials and Methods

19. Exponential regression model for biomass analysis Y = A*exp(-B*rate) A - intercept -biomass at a dose = 0 B - rate of change -slope of line between seed meal and seed meal extract doses Y = A*exp(-B*rate) A - intercept -biomass at a dose = 0 B - rate of change -slope of line between seed meal and seed meal extract doses

20. Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

21. Spinning! Hydrolyzed seed meal being poured into GE extractor Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

22. Extract Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

23. Extract Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

24. Carrot biomass by treatment as a percent of control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 00.51234 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control

25. Extract plus OS Water alone; 3 mt/ha; 14 DAT Extract plus NIS Seed meal alone

26. GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on carrot TreatmentGR 50 ------------ mt/ha ------------ Dry Seed Meal (PRE)15.5 Dry Seed Meal (POST)8.5 Extract7.5 Extract plus NIS6 Extract plus OS2.5

27. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 00.51234 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control Common lambsquarters biomass by treatment as a percent of control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence

28. Seed meal alone Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT Extract plus OSExtract plus NIS

29. GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on common lambsquarters TreatmentGR 50 ------------ mt/ha ------------ Dry Seed Meal (PRE)0.7 Dry Seed Meal (POST)2 Extract1.5 Extract plus NIS0.3 Extract plus OS0.5

30. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 00.51234 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control Lettuce biomass by treatment as a percent of control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence

31. Water alone; 2 mt/ha; 14 DAT Seed meal alone Extract plus OSExtract plus NIS

32. GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on lettuce TreatmentGR 50 ------------ mt/ha ------------ Dry Seed Meal (PRE)16 Dry Seed Meal (POST)4 Extract3.5 Extract plus NIS1.2 Extract plus OS1.4

33. Spring wheat biomass by treatment as a percent of control 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 00.51234 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence

34. Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT Extract plus OSExtract plus NIS Seed meal alone

35. GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on spring wheat TreatmentGR 50 ------------ mt/ha ------------ Dry Seed Meal (PRE)4.4 Dry Seed Meal (POST)12.4 Extract6.4 Extract plus NIS1.8 Extract plus OS2.1

36. Summary Carrot Common lambsquarters Lettuce Spring wheat Treatment---------------- GR50, mt/ha --------------- Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 15.50.7164.4 Dry Seed Meal (POST) 8.52412.4 Extract 7.51.53.56.4 Extract plus NIS 60.31.21.8 Extract plus OS 2.50.51.42.1

37. 0.51.02.03.04.0

38. SummarySummary The University of Idaho is continuing to explore novel uses of Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal byproducts, for biopesticides and other uses.

39. Acknowledgements Dr. Thill Dr. Morra Dr. Price Vladimir Borek USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive Grants Program Dr. Thill Dr. Morra Dr. Price Vladimir Borek USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive Grants Program

40. Questions