7. We use the identity Generally we would like the equilibrium mean to be equal to zero! Which conditions should the expected mean satisfy?

10. The case with a constant and a trend

11. When there is a linear time trend in the equations, then:

12. A simulated example

14. Five cases

19. The MA representation with determ. comp.

22. The MA representation with a trend in the equations: Linear trends in the variables can derive from:

23. Dummy variables in the simple dynamic model

27. Dummy variables and the VAR

28. The simplified model can be written as: The expected value of the process and the cointegration relations becomes:

29. The dynamic properties of the data can now be expressed as: where It is easy to see that:

30. Illustration

32. Are the observed outliers additive or innovational?

33. An additive outlier in real money stock

34. The Danish VAR model with dummy variables

36. The unrestricted VAR with dummies

37. We need to distinguish between: