1. Experimental and Quasi- experimental Method September 16,2008

2. Learning Objectives Review APA reference list Gain some experience with experimental/quasi-experimental designs. Learn how to use excel to analyze experimental data. Continue with introduction to writing a scientific paper.

3. References Brown, W. M., & Moore, C. (2002) Fluctuating asymmetry and romantic jealousy. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 113- 117. Buss, D. M. & Greiling, H. (1999). Adaptive individual differences. Journal of Personality, 67(2), 209-243. Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 459-491. Buss, D. M. (1997). Evolutionary foundations of personality. In Hogan, R., (Ed.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 317-344). London: Academic Press. Buss, D. M. (2000). The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as necessary as love and sex. New York: Free Press.

4. First Data Collection This time you will be the participants. We are going to run a quasi-experiment For now you do not need to know what are the conditions of the quasi-experiment.

5. Instructions Go to http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/

6. Instructions Go to http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/ There are going to be a series of colored words.

7. Instructions Go to http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/ There are going to be a series of colored words. Your task is to hit the key which corresponds to the color of the word not what it says.

8. Instructions Go to http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/ There are going to be a series of colored words. Your task is to hit the key which corresponds to the color of the word not what it says. If you are ready go ahead and click on try experiment and then hit space bar.

9. Stroop Effect Continued When you are done write down click on view results. Write down the average time for words which were different for the color and the amount of time it took for words which matched the color. Now repeat this entire process two more times.

10. Microsoft Excel Open a new database. Write the following variable names: congruent1, congruent2, congruent3,averagecongruent, noncongruent1, noncongruent2, noncongruent3, average congruent. Enter your scores from the experiment.

11. Calculating a mean in Excel In the cell under average congruent type =average( Type a2:c2) or highlight the cells which contain your congruent data. – In both cases you should have something like the following : =average(a2:c2) Do the same for non congruent variables

12. Were you strooped?

13. First you might want to plot mean stroop effects. – To do this highlight the Average stroop scores for congruent and non-congruent In this case the ctrl button is helpful. First highlight one press control and highlight the other. – Now click on insert graph – Pick the bar graph – Hit enter If your non-congruent stroop average score was higher than the average congruent score you were strooped

14. Here are my scores

15. Did your performance improve? How would we know? We could plot the learning curve for each condition. First highlight your congruent1, congruent2, and congruent3 scores. Now make a similar graph as before.

16. My Improvement

17. Was the Class Strooped? First we have to enter data. We already have the variable names in our database. I’m going to call each of you one at a time. – I want everyone to enter their classmate’s scores. – I also want them to record each participant’s sex

18. The Dataset Congruent 1 Congruent 2 Congruent 3 AverageCo ngruent Noncongru ent1 Noncongre nt2 Nongongre nt3 Average Congruent Sex

19. Let’s Do a T-Test On toolbar on top click “Tools” dropdown box will appear – Choose “Data Analysis” then... Click “t-test: 2 samples assuming equal variance.” Highlight data: You should see a box with room to enter numbers for “Variable 1 range” and “Variable 2 range.” Hit Enter

20. Are males more easily strooped?: Our quasi-experiment concept is the same – comparing means analysis is a bit more complicated What do we need to do?

21. Are males more easily strooped? concept is the same – comparing means analysis is a bit more complicated What do we need to do? – Hint- What are our independent variables

22. Data Manipulation How do we calculate this difference score? – First type “=(“ in cell J2 This creates a new variable. If you want you could name it stroop score. – Highlight the noncongruent average (cell H2 if you followed my example) – Follow that with a – sign – Then Highlight the congruent average (cell d2) – The final product should read =(H2-D2)

23. Data Manipulation – Now highlight cell J2 There will be a little box on the border of that cell Click and drag it down to the end of the data set. This will give you the stroop score for each person. – Positive numbers mean they were strooped negative or scores of zero means they were not.

24. Now the Dependant Variable We have to sort the data set We need all the males in one section and all the female data on the other. Highlight all the data by clicking on the top left hand corner of the spreadsheet. Click on data Click on sort Sort by the column for the variable sex.

25. Let’s Do a T-Test On toolbar on top click “Tools” dropdown box will appear – Choose “Data Analysis” then... Click “t-test: 2 samples assuming equal variance.” Highlight data: You should see a box with room to enter numbers for “Variable 1 range” and “Variable 2 range.” – This type highlight the difference scores for one of the sexes for “variable 1 range” and highlight the difference scores for the other sex “variable 2 range” Hit Enter

26. Assignment I want you to write up a methods and results section for the quasi-experiment we just conducted. See pages 367 and 368 in the Leary book.