1. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI1 Turing Machines

2. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI2 The Language Hierarchy Regular Languages Context-Free Languages ? ?

3. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI3 Regular Languages Context-Free Languages Languages accepted by Turing Machines

4. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI4 A Turing Machine...... Tape Read-Write head Control Unit

5. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI5 The Tape...... Read-Write head No boundaries -- infinite length The head moves Left or Right

6. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI6...... Read-Write head The head at each time step: 1. Reads a symbol 2. Writes a symbol 3. Moves Left or Right

7. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI7...... Example: Time 0...... Time 1 1. Reads 2. Writes 3. Moves Left

8. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI8...... Time 1...... Time 2 1. Reads 2. Writes 3. Moves Right

9. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI9 The Input String...... Blank symbol head Head starts at the leftmost position of the input string Input string

10. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI10...... Blank symbol head Input string Remark: the input string is never empty

11. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI11 States & Transitions Read Write Move Left Move Right

12. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI12 Example:...... Time 1 current state

13. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI13...... Time 1...... Time 2

14. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI14...... Time 1...... Time 2 Example:

15. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI15...... Time 1...... Time 2 Example:

16. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI16 Determinism Allowed Not Allowed No lambda transitions allowed Turing Machines are deterministic

17. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI17 Partial Transition Function...... Example: No transition for input symbol Allowed:

18. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI18 Halting The machine halts if there are no possible transitions to follow

19. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI19 Example:...... No possible transition HALT!!!

20. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI20 Final States Allowed Not Allowed Final states have no outgoing transitions In a final state the machine halts

21. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI21 Acceptance Accept Input If machine halts in a final state Reject Input If machine halts in a non-final state or If machine enters an infinite loop

22. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI22 Turing Machine Example A Turing machine that accepts the language:

23. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI23 Time 0

24. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI24 Time 1

25. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI25 Time 2

26. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI26 Time 3

27. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI27 Time 4 Halt & Accept

28. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI28 Rejection Example Time 0

29. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI29 Time 1 No possible Transition Halt & Reject

30. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI30 Infinite Loop Example A Turing machine for language

31. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI31 Time 0

32. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI32 Time 1

33. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI33 Time 2

34. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI34 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 Time 5 Infinite loop

35. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI35 Because of the infinite loop: The final state cannot be reached The machine never halts The input is not accepted

36. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI36 Another Turing Machine Example Turing machine for the language

37. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI37 Time 0

38. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI38 Time 1

39. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI39 Time 2

40. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI40 Time 3

41. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI41 Time 4

42. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI42 Time 5

43. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI43 Time 6

44. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI44 Time 7

45. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI45 Time 8

46. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI46 Time 9

47. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI47 Time 10

48. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI48 Time 11

49. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI49 Time 12

50. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI50 Halt & Accept Time 13

51. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI51 If we modify the machine for the language we can easily construct a machine for the language Observation:

52. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI52 Formal Definitions for Turing Machines

53. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI53 Transition Function

54. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI54 Transition Function

55. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI55 Turing Machine: States Input alphabet Tape alphabet Transition function Initial state blank Final states

56. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI56 Configuration Instantaneous description:

57. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI57 Time 4Time 5 A Move:

58. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI58 Time 4Time 5 Time 6Time 7

59. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI59 Equivalent notation:

60. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI60 Initial configuration: Input string

61. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI61 The Accepted Language For any Turing Machine Initial stateFinal state

62. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI62 Standard Turing Machine Deterministic Infinite tape in both directions Tape is the input/output file The machine we described is the standard:

63. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI63 Computing Functions with Turing Machines

64. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI64 A function Domain: Result Region: has:

65. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI65 A function may have many parameters: Example: Addition function

66. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI66 Integer Domain Unary: Binary: Decimal: 11111 101 5 We prefer unary representation: easier to manipulate with Turing machines

67. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI67 Definition: A function is computable if there is a Turing Machine such that: Initial configurationFinal configuration Domain final stateinitial state For all

68. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI68 Initial Configuration Final Configuration A function is computable if there is a Turing Machine such that: In other words: Domain For all

69. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI69 Example The function is computable Turing Machine: Input string: unary Output string: unary are integers

70. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI70 Start initial state The 0 is the delimiter that separates the two numbers

71. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI71 Start Finish final state initial state

72. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI72 Finish final state The 0 helps when we use the result for other operations

73. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI73 Turing machine for function

74. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI74 Execution Example: Time 0 Final Result (2)

75. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI75 Time 0

76. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI76 Time 1

77. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI77 Time 2

78. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI78 Time 3

79. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI79 Time 4

80. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI80 Time 5

81. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI81 Time 6

82. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI82 Time 7

83. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI83 Time 8

84. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI84 Time 9

85. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI85 Time 10

86. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI86 Time 11

87. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI87 HALT & accept Time 12

88. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI88 Another Example The function is computable Turing Machine: Input string: unary Output string:unary is integer

89. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI89 Start Finish final state initial state

90. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI90 Turing Machine Pseudocode for Replace every 1 with $ Repeat: Find rightmost $, replace it with 1 Go to right end, insert 1 Until no more $ remain

91. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI91 Turing Machine for

92. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI92 Example Start Finish

93. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI93 Another Example The function is computable if

94. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI94 Turing Machine for Input: Output: or if

95. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI95 Turing Machine Pseudocode: Match a 1 from with a 1 from Repeat Until all of or is matched If a 1 from is not matched erase tape, write 1 else erase tape, write 0

96. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI96 Combining Turing Machines

97. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI97 Block Diagram Turing Machine inputoutput

98. Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI98 Example: if Comparer Adder Eraser