1. User-System Interaction a challenge for the present and the future
Prof. dr. Matthias Rauterberg
IPO Center for User-System Interaction
TU/e Eindhoven University of Technology

2. © M. Rauterberg, TU/e

3. ISO Definition of Quality of Use
The ISO 9241 standard defines three components of "quality of use" applicable to the design of user interfaces:
Effectiveness Does the product do what the users require? Does it "do the right thing?"
Efficiency Can the users learn the user interface quickly? Can they carry out their tasks with minimum expended effort, including a minimum of errors? Does it improve the productivity/effort ratio? Does it "do things right?"
Satisfaction Do users express satisfaction with the product? Does the new product reduce stress? Do the end users now have a more satisfying job?
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

4. The History of Usability Definitions
DIN
EC directive
ISO 9241
part 8
90/270/EEC
part 10
(1988)
(1990)
(1996)
suitability for the task
suitability (activity adapted)
suitability for the task
self-descriptiveness
feeback about system states
self-descriptiveness
appropriate format and pace
of information presentation
conformity with user
conformitity with user
expectations
expectations
information and instruction of
suitability for learning
ease of use applicable to
suitability for
individualization
hearing and participation of
controllability
controllability
error robustness
error tolerance
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5. The Concept of Transparency
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6. The Concept of Individualization
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7. What are the research topics of USI?
Working domain
Communication / Co-operation
Home / Office Environment
Financial / Medical Sector
Knowledge Management
Product / Process Industry
Transportation / Logistic
Teaching and Learning
Working system
Goal:
Pa => Pd
user
interactive system
Science
perception
cognition
action
Application
user-centered design
Engineering
audio interfaces
computer vision based input
speech input / output
tactile input / output
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

8. What is an Interactive System (IS) ?
perception
action(s)
user
interaction
system
IS := {IS*, Human, ICT component, [additional component]}
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

9. Challenges of USI research
user
interaction
system ?
perception
cognition
functionality
architecture
emotion
action
input/output
data structure
effectiveness
efficiency
satisfaction
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

10. The optimization problem
costs
user
system
optimum
technical complexity
of the user interface
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

11. USI Research Approach Design relevant knowledge synthesis analysis
empirical
validation
Interactive systems

12. Two approaches for Ergonomics
limits
attractors
assessment
design principles
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

13. What is User-Centred Design?
...based on expertise:
state-of-the-art knowledge for the design
expert as a designer
models of users
...based on participation:
end-user involvement in analysis, design and evaluation
expert as a moderator
real users
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

14. Why is User-Centred Design necessary?
decreased time to market
reduced costs
rapid development
innovative and usable products
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

15. UCD Research Topics Process View: Product View:
improving the system design life cycle
development and validation of evaluation metrics
development and validation of tools and techniques
integration of informal, semi-formal and structure methods
Product View:
development of a theoretical framework for user-system interaction
design and test of interaction styles
empirical comparison studies
development of product oriented usability metrics
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

16. UCD Process View PROCESS QUALITY user-oriented requirements analysis
allocation of function between user and system
iteration of design solutions
e.g. evaluation
active involvement of users
e.g. participatory design
multi-disciplinary design teams
e.g. design sessions
embedding design principles in structured methods
e.g. MUSE/UCD
evaluation of the running system
e.g. usability testing
PROCESS QUALITY
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

17. UCD Product View PRODUCT QUALITY evaluation of interaction styles
e.g. speech input/output
e.g. auditory and tactile feedback
e.g. gesture based input/output
applied cognitive ergonomics
e.g. user/task modelling
validation of product metrics
e.g. interactive function points
PRODUCT QUALITY
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

18. Direction of Changes Technology is becoming ...
Smaller, faster, cheaper, networked, available at different locations (absolute and relative), mobile, and will have new interaction styles.
The “Context of Use” can be described by …
who: different users, what: different products, where: different locations, when: around the clock, how: different generations of users
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

19. What are the technical challenges?
New interaction styles
speech input/output
computer vision based input (e.g., gestures)
audio interfaces (e.g., non-speech audio)
tactile and force feedback
New interface concepts
adaptive and intelligent software
natural user interfaces
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

20. Computer mediated Communication
Same location
Different location
Telephone,
Liveboard,
Videoconference
Same time
(synchronous)
Whiteboard
Work Flow
Management
System ,
Voic ,
Group Decision
Support System
Different time
(a-synchronous)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

21. The Ubiquitous Computing Paradigm
Two issues are of crucial importance: location and scale
Location : ubiquitous computers must know where they are
Inch-scale machines: approximate active Post-It notes
Foot-scale machines: like a sheet of paper (or a book or a magazine)
Yard-scale machines: the equivalent of a blackboard or bulletin board
Prototype tabs, pads and boards are just the beginning of ubiquitous computing
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

22. Two Trends in User Interface Technology
Mobile computing
Ambient rooms and
Cooperative buildings
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23. Mobile Computing Mobile application categories: information access
communication
computer supported collaboration
remote control
local data/applications
Three characteristics differentiate a tab, pad etc. and the kinds of applications that it supports from traditional personal computers:
Portability: very small form factor, low- weight
Communication: low-latency interaction between users and system
Context-sensitive operation
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

24. The PARCtab
The PARCtab is most easily operated with two hands: one to hold the tab, the other to use a passive stylus or a finger to touch the screen.
But since office workers often seem to have their hands full, we designed the tab so that three mechanical buttons fall beneath the fingers of the same hand that holds the tab, allowing one-handed use.
The device also includes a piezo- electric speaker so that applications can generate audio feedback
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

25. The PalmPilot The PalmPilot has a lot functionality.
This device fits with its pocket size into one hand.
There is a communication channel via IR to the PC.
Small, and a reasonable price
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

26. Love-Gety
There's a Lovegety for men (blue underside), and a Lovegety for women (pink underside).
They notify each other when a Lovegety of the opposite sex is in range.
The lovegety operates on 300Mhz frequency and uses 2 AAA batteries.
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

27. How to operate a Love-Gety
Turn on the "POWER SWITCH" and select the "MODE" you want with the "MODE SWITCH".
You can confirm the "MODE" you just selected while the red indicator blinks.
The larger "GET" light on the LOVEGETY blinks when someone with a Lovegety of the opposite sex has selected the same "MODE" as your LOVEGETY.
The "FIND" light on the LOVEGETY also blinks when someone nearby with an opposite sex LOVEGETY, has their LOVEGETY on but under a different "MODE".
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

28. Wearable Computer Providing hands-free operation
Sharing the data in real-time with background
Supporting user comfort
Allowing audio interactions in a noisy environment
Creating a simple user interface
Keeping costs down
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

29. Wearable Computer Providing hands-free operation
Sharing the data in real-time with background
Supporting user comfort
Allowing audio interactions in a noisy environment
Creating a simple user interface
Keeping costs down
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

30. Electronic Performance Support System
Food processing plant worker with a first-generation prototype wearable computer.
Possible applications include support for quality control data collection or assistance with environmental auditing.
This system gives its users the information the users need to perform a task as they actually perform the task.
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

31. Airline Applications
This remarkable ultra-lightweight computer, worn as a belt, delivers maximum information to users with a minimum of work.
Designed for individuals who demand mobility, this computer offers voice control and heads up display for complete, hands-free operation.
Users can enter or retrieve information while going about their jobs, instead of constantly returning to the shop area to check a stationary computer, or stopping work to punch keys.
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

32. Home of the Future Main characteristics:
Home automation is defined as a process or system which provides the ability to enhance one's lifestyle, and make a home more comfortable, safe and efficient.
Home automation can link lighting, entertainment, security, tele- communications, heating and air conditioning into one centrally controlled system.
Bill and Melinda Gates' $97 million house
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

33. Office of the Future attentive active adaptive Main characteristics:
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

34. The InteracTable
The current stand-up version of the InteracTable is built as a vertical rear-projection unit with a touch- sensitive display surface.
Inside the table, an LCD beamer projects a high-resolution image of x768 pixels to the top of the table.
The integrated wireless network provides the InteracTable with a high degree of flexibility
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

35. The DynaWall and two CommChairs
The size of the DynaWall opens a new set of human-computer interactions.
It is possible that information objects can be taken at one position and put somewhere else on the display or thrown from one side to the opposite side.
Dialog boxes always appear in front of the current user(s).
User interface components are always at hand, etc.
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

36. Unsolved Research Problems
wearable computing
intelligent environments
Isolation in immersive virtual worlds
Penetration of the body space
Privacy in augmented worlds
Penetration of the social space
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

37. The post-industrial society
In the past…
design of the physical space
material transport
pollution
centralization
In the future…
design of the information space
knowledge transfer
evolution
globalization
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

38. To be prepared for the future
content provider
form provider
customer driven design
new services
integrators
technology driven design
new products
specialists
time
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e

39. List of relevant books for the area of human-computer interaction (HCI)
About HCI in general:
D. Norman, S. Draper: User centered system design. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.
P. Booth: An introduction to Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
L. Barfield: The user interface - concepts & design. Addison Wesley, 1993.
A. Dix, J. Finlay, G. Abowd, R. Beale: Human-Computer Interaction. Prentice, 1993.
J. Preece, Y. Rogers, H. Sharp, D. Benyon, S. Holland, T. Carey: Human-Computer Interaction. Addison Wesley, 1994.
L. Macaulay: Human-Computer Interaction for Software Designers. Thomson, 1995.
B. Shneiderman: Designing the user interface. Addison Wesley, 1997, 3rd edition.
About design principles:
C. Brown: Human-Computer Interface design guidelines. Ablex, 1989.
W. Galitz: Handbook of screen format design. QED, 1989.
D. Hix, R. Hartson: Developing user interfaces. Wiley, 1993.
ISO 9241 (Part 10: Dialogue principles, Part 12: Presentation of information, Part 14: Menu dialogues, Part 15: Command dialogues, Part 16: Direct manipulation dialogues, Part 17: Form fill-in dialogues)
D. Mayhew: Priniples and guidelines in software user interface design. Prentice, 1992.
C. Gram, G. Cockton (eds.): Design priniples for interactive software. Capman & Hall, 1996.
About usability evaluation methods:
D. Freedman, G. Weinberg: Walkthroughs, Inspections, and technical reviews. Dorset, 1990.
J. Dumas, J. Redish: A practical guide to usability testing. Ablex, 1993.
A. Monk, P. Wright, J. Haber, L. Davenport: Improving your Human-Computer Interface: a practical technique. Prentice Hall, 1993.
ISO 9241 (Part 11: Guidance on usability, Part 13: User guidance)
J. Nielsen, R. Mack (ed.): Usability inspection methods. Wiley, 1994.
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e