1. Keck Interferometer Support Trade Study Christopher Neyman Junichi Meguro W. M. Keck Observatory Viswa Velur Caltech Keck NGAO Team Meeting #5 March 7, 2007 Video Conference: WMKO,CIT,UC

2. 2 Keck Interferometer Support Trade Study 3.1.2.1.5 Keck Interferometer Trade Study –Consider the relative performance, cost, risk, & schedule of feeding KI with NGAO or a repackaged version of the current AO system –Decoupling of NGAO from interferometer support may simplify & improve performance of NGAO –The feasibility of maintaining a version of the two current AO systems for KI use should be evaluated –Complete when NGAO baseline architecture selected

3. 3 Overview Slide/Outline Introduction Concepts for Interferometer support –NGAO feeding interferometer –Dual IF AO Systems –Swapping Keck (I/II) AO with NGAO Cost of construction and operations for above concepts Conclusions and recommendations

4. 4 Introduction Why Are We Doing This? Current Keck Interferometer –Visibility First fringes on AGN –Nuller MRI (LGS → faint objects) –Planet detection –Young stellar objects –AGN –Galactic center: tests of general relativity In general astrometry requires long time span (1 century) Relatively short for galactic center (years) Current project started in ~1993 with speckle, continuing with KII LGS PI retires in ~2030 Important not to over constrain NGAO design

5. 5 NGAO Feeding Interferometer Legacy AO (arm A) and NGAO (arm B) Need to match polarization, rotation, fringe symmetry (Nuller only) Viswa Velur in consultation with Kent Wallace (JPL) looked at polarization matching: –Martin-Puplett polarization modulator Preferred over wave plates Basis of current KI nuller combiner –“In general the polarization issue with interferometry is an intractable problem” Use close to normal incidence (K mirrors problematic) Coating information is incorrect, proprietary, or unavailable Geometry match imperfect, tight tolerances, realignments frequent –Still need to determine polarization shift for NGAO relay Indiana Wells New designs as available from Brain Bauman

6. 6 Differential Phase Shifts Can Reduce Fringe Contrast: a Real World Example Fall 2003 Both K1 & K2 recoated Only K1 recoated After recoating only K1 AO image rotator significant drop in V 2 V 2 returned to nominal values when K2 was also recoated Suspect phase shift caused by different protective layers on top of silver coating

7. 7 Interferometer Only AO Systems Build two identical AO systems –ESO MACAO (One for each 8-m) Options available –Adaptive secondary High throughput system Expensive Facility investment: could be used for other AO systems and instruments –Basement AO systems Some space in coude crypt 589nm transmission through basement windows (Silica yes, ZnS no) –Mount AO system under current AO bench Room available Could use MEMs and other technologies to reduce size/costs

8. 8 Interferometer Only AO Systems AO enclosure Primary mirror cell IF beam tubes

9. 9 Interferometer Only AO Systems AO enclosure NGAO Primary mirror cell IF beam tubes IF AO system

10. 10 Interferometer Only AO Systems IF beam tubes Cables Cooling lines

11. 11 Interferometer Only AO Systems Need to move AO focus below Nasmyth deck –Use large f/# secondary Have f/25 for both telescopes (Keck II in storage) Possibly requires more secondary exchanges –Use 1:1 relay (Offner or others) Extra reflections (3-5 total for Offner) –Move secondary toward primary 1 cm at secondary, 74 cm at Cassegrain focus Large spherical aberration (much larger than typical DM stroke) –MEMs small foot print AO Mount in current enclosure near focus Relay light out Need ~2 arc minute field for LGS tip/tilt, Interferometer field small –Adapting Bauman’s off-axis ellipse relay should address these issues –See NFIRAOS petite

12. 12 AO for Interferometry at ESO: 4 Identical AO Systems that Only Feed the Interferometer 4 identical AO systems located below each telescope Coude mirror m8 is AO bimorph ESO built 6 AO units in total –4 for IF –1 for IFU spec. –1 for IR echelle Possible cost savings

13. 13 Swapping K( I / II ) AO with NGAO Need to repackage current AO –Optical/mechanical bench –Electronics –Cooling lines –If NGAO is cooled, need to maintain NGAO temperature/seal Method to swap AO –Cart: roll AO on/off deck –Crane: lift AO on/off deck Historically, when instruments are damaged, it has occurred during instrument exchanges Currently move DEMIOS in and out of beam Originally proposed for current Keck I AO system and rejected

14. 14 Cost of IF Support Options Cost estimate (WAG level) –AO secondary $7.6 M: $15.2 M (2 systems) source GEMIN GLAO study –Conventional AO $2.2 M: $4.5M (2 systems) –MEMS AO $1.7M: $3.5M (2 systems) –Swapping NGAO with legacy AO No estimate done yet

15. 15 Preliminary Recommendations Swapping Keck I/II with NGAO –Hardware costs relatively low –Cost of moving NGAO is higher than fixed NGAO –Appears risky in operation Matching NGAO to Keck –Challenging to match polarization states Two AO systems –AO secondary on each telescope Elegant solution, but costly Utility of a shared capability could offset higher costs –MEMs AO for each IF arm Relatively inexpensive Small footprint allows more mounting/packaging options