1. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe1 Prof. Bhaskar Dutta and Prof. Teruki Kamon Department of Physics Texas A&M University Saturday Morning Physics (2007)

2. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe2March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe2 Question

3. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe3 Thinking of Our Universe March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the UniverseMarch 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe3 My Universe

4. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe4 How do we measure the content of the Universe? We look at the the oldest light which set out on its journey long before the Earth or even our galaxy existed. Measurement of this light tells us the story of the Universe. This light forms the background of the Universe: Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Message from the Universe

5. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe5 CMB was emitted when the Universe was only 380,000 years old. The Most Distant Light March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe5

6. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe6 The Universe Pie March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe Today, we discuss DM. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe6

7. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe7 4% The 23% is still unobserved in the laboratory.. (This new matter can not be seen visually!) We call this Dark Matter.. Content of the Universe March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe7

8. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe8 Examples of observations: We know the dark matter exist. Collision of the galaxies Rotation curves of the galaxies Existence of Dark Matter March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe8

9. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe9 4321 splitting normal matter and dark matter apart – Another Clear Evidence of Dark Matter – (8/21/06) Dark Matter (Gravitational Lensing) Ordinary Matter (NASA’s Chandra X Observatory) March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe Cosmic Collision of 2 Galaxy Clusters March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe9 time Approximately the same size as the Milky Way

10. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe10 Old observation Rotation Curves of the Galaxies Dark Puzzles of the Universe10March 24, 2007

11. Dark Puzzles of the Universe11 What is Dark Matter? Can it be one of the known particles? 11 Neutral and long-lived object March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the UniverseMarch 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe

12. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe12 Building Blocks of Matter What are the elementary particles?

13. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe13 Zoo: 12 Particle Animals The elementary particles are fundamental building blocks of matter. All masses in MeV. ANIMAL MASSES SCALE WITH PARTICLE MASSES 6 Types of Leptons 6 Types of Quarks

14. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe14 Fantastic Four NOTE : Graviton (G) (  not found) carries gravitational force. Gluons (g) for strong force Quarks experience them. Protons & neutrons form. Photons (  ) for electromagnetic force Quarks, leptons (other than neutrinos) experience this force. W’s for weak forces Quarks, leptons experience this force. g  WG

15. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe15 The Standard Model is a model which describes all these particles and 3 of 4 forces: So, can it explain our Universe? The Standard Model We have confirmed the existence of SM in the laboratory experiments.

16. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe16 We need a new model, called Supersymmetric Standard Model or SUSY. This model has a new charge-less (neutral) particle: Neutral-ino Dark Matter Particle? 1) What is the new model? 2) Can the neutralino be observed and consistent with the dark matter content of the Universe? Quarks, electron, muon, tau particles, and force carriers can not be the dark matter, since their interactions are stronger than what we expect. Neutrinos can, but they have other problems. xxx xxx xxx xxx x x x x

17. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe17 Physicists always dream about unification of all the forces. Dream of Unification The grand unification of the forces occur in the SUSY model.

18. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe18 Mirror Reflection Fermilab Boselab

19. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe19 Supersymmetric Reflection  e   e  But, one of them is neutralino. This is a leading candidate for dark matter particle. Lots of new particles!!!! Renamed as “chi one zero”

20. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe20 ~ 0.0000001 seconds When Were the Dark Matter Particles Created? March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe20 Now

21. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe21 My Universe Thinking of Dark Matter Detection March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the UniverseMarch 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe21

22. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe22 Dark Matter particle One type of experiment: in deep underground How Can We See Them in the Lab? detector µ

23. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe23 One promising way: In collisionsCollider

24. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe24 One promising way: In particle collisions Particle Collider ➩ Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider

25. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe25 E = mc 2 Proton and ant-proton collision can produce the Standard Model particles like heavy top quarks (~180 times heavier than a proton!) Physics Magic: Ping-pong balls  Steel Balls

26. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe26 CDF DØ Proton (p) Antiproton (p) _ Tevatron at Fermilab

27. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe27 [Tevatron] proton and anti-proton collide and produce the Standard Model particles as well as New Particles. In 1995, the CDF (*) and D0 collaborations co-discovered the top quark in ~4 trillion (4,000,000,000,000) collisions. [Q] We have 100 trillion collisons today. Can the Tevatron produce the neutralinos? [A] May not  [ the neutralinos can be heavier.] March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe27 Pattern Recognition (*) The TAMU group is one of charter members of the CDF collaboration.

28. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe28 The LHC at CERN, scheduled for the first proton-proton collisions in 2007 in Switzerland, will have the smashing power of 14 Tera electron Volts (14,000,000,000 eV) - far larger than any other machine ever built. Two experimental groups, called ATLAS and CMS (*), will record the first collisions by the end of 2007. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 7 times powerful than the Tevatron (*) The TAMU group is a member of the CMS collaboration. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe28

29. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe29 Collisions as We Imagine … March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe29

30. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe30 How do we produce the neutralinos at the LHC? neutralinos (dark matter particles) March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe30 More Pattern Recognition We have to extract this reaction out of many trillion pp collisions.

31. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe31 We measure the masses ( m ) of the particles at the LHC. How do you know that the neutralinos (we will observe) at the collider are responsible for the dark matter content?  = x(m) x y / z + g x h (m)  p (m) / q + r (m) x 45 / 100 + 60 x u r (m) x t y + d x s (m) + j (m) x p (m) = 0.23 We calculate the dark matter content (  ) in the new model of the Universe.

32. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe32 So far in the laboratories we have seen the particles responsible for 4% of the universe. The upcoming experiments will try to probe the nature of 23 % of the universe: dark matter. Challenge: 73% of the universe is still a major puzzle. Not yet understood theoretically! Conclusion March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe32

33. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe33 So far in the laboratories we have seen the particles responsible for 4% of the universe. The upcoming experiments will try to probe the nature of 23 % of the universe: dark matter. Challenge: 73% of the universe is still a major puzzle. Not yet understood theoretically! Conclusion March 24, 200733 TO SOLVE THE PUZZLE OF THE UNIVERSE. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe

34. March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe34 Any Question? March 24, 200734March 24, 2007Dark Puzzles of the Universe