2. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20051 Neutrino Detection in Salt Domes under LOFAR Ad M. van den Berg Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI), Groningen, NL International Workshop on Saltdome Shower Array International Workshop on Saltdome Shower Array nuclear physics research

3. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20052Outline High-Energy Program ZEchstein SAlt Neutrino Array (ZESANA) Directly linked to –LOFAR and its CR program (KVI, Uni Nijmegen, ASTRON) –development of next generation of radio and signal- processing techniques –cross calibration with other experiments (PAO ?)

4. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20053 National APP topics in NL* Compact Objects (GRB’s, mergers, collapsers, magnetars, SNR’s) Dark Matter & Exotic Particles Fundamental Physics *Preliminary streamlining by “Comité Astrodeeltjesfysica Nederland” CAN

5. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20054 Messengers and Detectors Messengers –Cosmic Rays and ’s –Gravitational waves Detectors –LOFAR/PAO/Extensions –ANTARES/KM3NeT (deep-sea) –(mini-Grail, LISA-p) & THEORY & THEORY

6. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20055 New site in the Netherlands

7. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20056 LOFAR: Low Frequency Array interferometer in frequency range of 10 - 200 MHz array of 100 stations of 100 dipole antennas baselines of 10 m to 400 km fully digital: received waves are digitized and sent to a central super computer (IBM Blue Gene @ university of Groningen) Science: –Cosmology: HI at z >10 (époque of re- ionization) –Surveys: >10 8 new sources –All-Sky monitor: transient events See http://www.lofar.org

8. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20057 LOFAR: a digital telescope All-sky map from LOFARs Initial Test Station: 30 MHz (10-40), 60 antennas, 3 o resolution. Courtesy: Michiel Brentjes ASTRON/RUG

9. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20058 LOFAR: a sensor network Courtesy: KNMI NL

10. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 20059 LOFAR as CR or detector from: Heino Falcke Uni Nijmegen, ASTRON CR

11. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200510 CR coherent synchrotron radiation CR coherent synchrotron radiation T. Huege and H. Falcke A&A 412 (2003) 19-34

12. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200511 LOPES @ Kascade (FZK) LOPESLO eSLOPES (LOFAR Prototype Station, Heino Falcke et al*) First CR events recently detected *) H. Falcke and P. Gorham, Astropart. Phys., 19 (2002) 477-494 T. Huege, H. Falcke, A&A, 412 (2003) 19-34

13. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200512 First Results From: Heino Falcke, 2nd Symposium “Astroparticle Physics in the Netherlands” From: A. Bellétoile et al, SF2A 2004 CODALEMA @ Nançay France

14. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200513 High-energy CR spectrum Bram Achterberg Colloquium Kapteyn 15 November 2004 Pierre Auger Observatory !

15. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200514 Marginal explanation by conventional models Bram Achterberg Colloquium Kapteyn 15 November 2004

16. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200515 Built a UHE detector UHE ’s provide complementary information sources are transparent Universe is transparent no charge; no influence from EM fields velocity is known direct link between  and spectrum 

17. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200516 How (one option...) Detect UHE ’s using rock salt in Northern Europe (Groningen) Monitor UHE CR’s with LOFAR Develop: –radar techniques for salt domes –techniques to install antennas in salt domes –understanding of UHE CR and interactions with matter –calibrate various detector systems (PAO  LOFAR)

18. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200517 Underground salt layers* Zechstein salt salt pillars cavern * © TNO-NITG

19. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200518 Footprint of LOFAR salt domes

20. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200519 Salt in Groningen Veendam Assen Emmen Stadskanaal © TNO-NITG Onstwedde Zuidwending

21. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200520 Zuidwending salt dome 3D model of the Zuidwending salt dome: view from the East. The active horizon is the top of the salt. Purple: Triassic; Dark green: Lower Cretaceous; Light green: Upper Cretaceous Orange: Lower Tertiary; Yellow: Miocene-Quaternary. © TNO-NITG  2,5 km   7,5 km 

22. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200521 Zuidwending Dome ? Aardgasbuffer Zuidwending: a fast Compressed Natural Gas storage Gastransport Services, Akzo Nobel Salt, NUON (Energy Valley)

23. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200522 LOFAR Salt domes under LOFAR CR

24. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200523 First preliminary results (Chiba)

25. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200524 R & D Needed Radio attenuation length measurement Ultra-sensitive underground radar techniques (receiver antennas) Cross calibration with other experiments (PAO, acoustic, WSRT,...?)

26. 04-02-2005/AMvdBInt. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 200525Conclusion Radio techniques for detection of UHE are very promising and provide an important step for the next generation of telescopes LOFAR, the largest radio telescope in the world, can be used for UHE CR and detection; it can be complemented with ZESANA using ‘standard’ techniques LOFAR + PAO S/N ? & ZESANA PAO South & LOFAR