1. Biology 231 – Physiological Anatomy Supplement for Lecture Exam #3 Lange (As always, these slides have notes that are with this file that you will want to read as you study the slides. Please also note that for the M & W group, a few of these slides will restate material covered in class.)

2. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.31: Route of sound waves through the ear, p. 590. Fluids in cochlear canals Upper and middle Internal earExternal ear Pinna External acoustic meatus Air Tympanic membrane Malleus, incus, stapes (ossicles) Oval window Lower Middle ear One vibration Time Spiral organ (of Corti) stimulated Amplification in middle ear Amplitude Pressure

3. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.35: Structure of a macula, p. 594. Macula of utricle Macula of saccule Otoliths Hair bundle Kinocilium Stereocilia Otolithic membrane Vestibular nerve fibers Hair cells Supporting cells

4. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.36: The effect of gravitational pull on a macula receptor cell in the utricle, p. 595. Otolithic membrane Kinocilium Stereocilia Receptor potential Nerve impulses generated in vestibular fiber Depolarization (Hairs bent towar kinocilium) d Hyperpolarization (Hairs bent away from kinocilium) Increased impulse frequency Excitation Decreased impulse frequency Inhibition

5. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 15.37: Location and sturcture of a crista ampullaris, p. 596. (a) (c) (d) (b) Cupula Cupula at rest Position of cupula during turn Turning motion Fluid motion in ducts Afferent fibers of vestibular nerve Increased firingDecreased firing Position of cupula during turn Ampulla of left ear Ampulla of right ear Horizontal ducts Flow of endolymph Cupula Crista ampullaris Fibers of vestibular nerve

6. Arnold Adolph Berthold 1803 – 1861 Founder of Endocrinology

7. Berthold’s Experiment in Roosters…. Castration Castration & Reimplantation of testis Castration & Transplantation of testis

8. Berthold’s Conclusion... -A secretory, blood-borne product of the transplanted testes is responsible for the normal development of the birds in the second and third group Today, it is called TESTOSTERONE -’problem’: no one knows why Berthold did the experiment in the first place…. No clear rationale for it.