1. ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor Networks P06501

2. Introduction Team Members EE: Jared Titus, Brandon Good, Nick Yunker CE: Ryan Osial, Justin Thornton Coordinator Dr. Reddy Mentor Dr. Hu Sponsors Sensorcon PCB Express

3. Needs Assessment Problem: Crossbow Technology provides wireless sensor motes but cost deters the creation of large networks. Budget: $1000 for parts, fabrication, and assembly Solution: Create low cost ZigBee Data Forwarding Unit (DFU) hardware and software prototype

4. ZigBee Standard Low-power Low-cost Built on IEEE 802.15.4 standard Defines the protocols for creating self-organizing mesh networks Three types of devices: ZigBee Coordinator, Full-Function Device (FFD), and Reduced-Function Device (RFD)

5. ZigBee DFU Requirements Motes shall connect to sensors through Interrupt and Analog-Digital Converter (ADC) connections Motes shall be battery powered or USB powered. A RFD should be able to operate autonomously for three months Motes shall be less than 9 sq. inches In volume production (>5000 units) motes should cost less than $20 Motes shall form a bi-directional mesh network.

6. ZigBee DFU Requirements Motes shall interface to a PC via USB Motes shall support adjustable periodic data reporting, threshold reporting, and querying of data A Graphical User Interface (GUI) shall allow the user to monitor and control the network ZigBee DFU hardware shall support Coordinator, FFD, and RFD software.

7. Concept Design 3 Different Designs were considered Concept 1: Custom Hardware (Microcontroller and RF Transceiver) with TinyOS networking stack Concept 2: Custom Hardware (Microcontroller and RF Transceiver) with Custom ZigBee stack Concept 3: Custom Hardware (SoC) with a proprietary ZigBee stack Abstract Custom Hardware Designs

8. Concept Pros and Cons Concept 1Concept 2Concept 3 Pros-Low Cost -Open Development -Low Cost -Open Development -More network control -Vendor provided Stack -Less Hardware Cons-No standardizing body -Not Zigbee Compliant -Complicated Layout -Very Complicated Software -Complicated Layout -Less network control -Untested SoC Solution -Cost of Stack

9. Feasibility Selected Viable Concepts to Analyze Created Pugh Matrix Chose Evaluation Criteria based on: Requirements Time and cost to implement Created Criteria Weighting Matrix Applied Weights to Each Criteria Selected Final Design based on Weighted Pugh Ember – 100% Custom Stack – 87.1% Crossbow MicaZ and Software – 85.9% TinyOS + Berkley HW Design – 79.5%

10. Hardware Power Switcher System on Chip (SoC) Antenna with Balun Impedance Matching USB–UART Bridge Sensor Board

11. Power Switcher Switches between USB 3.3V and battery 3V source when plugged into or disconnected from a computer Enable signal provided by EM250 chip controls switching TI Dual pair CMOS 4007 chip used in implementing this circuit.

12. System on Chip (SoC) Ember 250 System on Chip used. Integrates Microcontroller, 2.45GHz ZigBee Transceiver, 128kB flash memory and 5kB SRAM into one compact 5mm x 5mm package.

13. Antenna with Balun Circuit Antenna Factor 2.45GHz antenna. 6.5mm x 2.5mm SMT packaging allows for compact MOTE design without a large whip antenna. Balun circuit matches the 200Ω characteristic impedance of EM250 to 50Ω Antenna Impedance.

14. USB–UART Bridge Allows for USB connection between PC and EM250 chip by use of a virtual communications port FTDI communicates with EM250 using UART Provides power from USB when connected

15. Sensor Board Integrates 2 Analog Devices temperature sensors and 1 light sensor. Light sensor used to wake up MCU from sleep. Dual temp sensors used to show that multiple analog sensors can be used on one MOTE.

16. Interfaces USB/RS-232 Virtual Comm Port (VCP) Universal Asynchronous Receiver- Transmitter (UART) Serial Interface (SIF) Flash Programming and Real Time Debugging of Ember EM250 Sensor Board Interface 8 pin interface between Sensor Board and Mote 3 pairs of Data/Enable, Vcc, and GND

17. Microcontroller Software Reduced Function Device (ZigBee End Device – ZED)

18. Microcontroller Software Full Function Device (Zigbee Router – ZR)

19. Microcontroller Software Coordinator (Zigbee Coordinator – ZC)

20. Network Design Coordinator Gatekeeper to network Routes Packets Router Routes Packets Queues data for sleeping End Device End Device Sleeps when inactive Queries parent for data

21. Network Design contd. Packet Routing Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Determines path though network in real-time Assumes that nodes may leave network at any time Uses Link-Quality-Indicator (LQI) and number of hops as a selection metric

22. PC to Mote Messages Report Rate Polling Rate ADC Sampling Threshold Boundary Query Node Data Get Routing Table Reset Change Power Profile

23. Mote to PC Messages Coordinator Routing Table Sensor Data

24. GUI – Main Form Shows the Network Status Shows the Alerts in the Network Controls the other Network Views Network Topology Mote Parameter Tree Mote Sensors

25. GUI – Network Topology Form Displays all the mote in the network Shows all the communication paths between the motes Mote placement on the form can be rearranged. Sensor Data can be displayed for motes

26. GUI – Mote Tree Form Displays the parameter values for each mote in the network. Update parameter values for a mote/motes

27. GUI – Mote Sensor Form Displays the sensor data for each mote in the network.

28. Test Plan A test procedure was written for each requirement of the project. Example Test Procedure Requirement 3.5 Description: Motes shall have a minimum of 3 months autonomous operation on battery power supply Test Plan: 1. Place current probes between the battery and mote. 2. Turn on the mote and allow it to perform normal network operations 3. Measure the average current draw. 4. Divide the power of the battery (mAh) by the average current draw to find the hours in which it can operate

29. Implementation Plan Week by week breakdown of what will be accomplished in SDII Week 1: Star Networking on Dev boards Multihop on Dev boards Week 2: Initial GUI milestone 1 (partial implementation) Initial firmware to Motes Week 3: GUI milestone 2 (less network topology displayed) Star Networking on Motes Multihop on Motes Basic Mesh networking on Dev Boards Week 4: Basic Power Management implemented (mote operation only) Basic Mesh Networking on Motes Week 5: GUI completed Week 6: Full Mesh Networking on ZigBee DFU completed Week 7: Power management implemented (fully for mote) Week 8: Testing and documentation Week 9/10: Design/Project Completed IEEE regional Senior Design Competition

30. Bill of Materials Budget $1000 from Sensorcon Ember Development Kit - $2500 Donation from Mark Wagner (Sensoncon) Total Cost for 10 Motes - $176.07 Total Cost for Additional Items - $360.01 Total Project Cost - $536.08 Each mote costs ~$21 to build (with EM250)

31. ZigBee DFU Questions ?

32. Abstract Software Layouts Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3