1. Introduction to Networks and the Internet
CMPE Fall 2005 Lecture 2

2. Announcements
Permission codes.
Labs.
Homework 1.

3. Last class… What’s a computer network? Why networks?
Examples of networks:
Postal system.
Telephone network.
Telephone network:
Voice.
Real-time.

4. Last class (cont’d)
The evolution of the telephone system.
Addressing.

5. Today
Data networks.

6. Data Communication Model
Network
Source
Destination

7. Simplified Communication Model

8. Simplified Data Communications Model

10. Components End systems (or hosts), Routers/switches/bridges, and
Links (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber, radio, etc.).

11. Components (cont’d) Source Transmitter Transmission System Receiver
generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System
Carries data
Receiver
Converts received signal into data
Destination
Takes incoming data

12. Key Tasks Transmission. Signal Generation. Synchronization.
Error detection and correction.
Addressing and routing
End-to-end Recovery.
Security.

13. Key Tasks Transmission. Signal Generation. Synchronization.
Error detection and correction.
Addressing and routing
End-to-end Recovery.
Security.
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

14. Networking Point to point communication not usually practical
Devices are too far apart.
Large set of devices would need impractical number of connections.
Solution is a communications network.

15. Simplified Network Model

16. Connecting End Systems
Dedicated link
Multiple access / shared medium

17. Connecting End Systems (cont’d)

18. Shared Communication Infrastructure
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

19. Types of Data Networks Several ways to classify data networks.
For example, according to “coverage”.
Local Area Networks (LANs) typically provide networking capabilities within a building, campus.
Typically within 5-mile radius.
Wide-Area Networks (WANs) span greater geographic distances (e.g., world-wide).
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) span more restricted distances, e.g., geographic regions (e.g., Los Nettos network in Southern California, etc.)

20. The Internet
Backbone
Regional
Stub

21. Types of Networks (cont’d)
Classification according to type of connection.
Dedicated link.
Shared medium (multiple access).
Switched point-to-point.

22. Types of Networks (cont’d)
Classification according to topology…
What is network topology?
The way network elements are interconnected.

23. Network Topologies: Examples
Ring
Tree
Star
Irregular
Bus

24. More Concepts… Network protocols. Layering.
Network/protocol architecture.

25. Network Protocols
Diplomats use rules, called protocols, as guides for formal interactions.
A communication protocol is a set of rules that specify the format and meaning of messages exchanged between computers across a network.
A set of related protocols that are designed for compatibility are called protocol suite.

26. Human and Computer ProtocolsHi
Got the
time?
2:00
<data>
time
Human Protocol
Computer Protocol
Web client
open
connection OK
Web server
send me data

27. Layering What is it? Building complex systems is hard!
Approach: “Divide and conquer”.
Split job into smaller jobs, or layers.
Analogy to other fields.
Building a house: digging, foundation, framing, etc.
Car assembly line…
Basic idea: each step dependent on the previous step but does not need to be aware of how the previous step was done.

28. Analogy: Air Travel The problem: air travel.
Decomposed into series of steps:
Arrival at airport
Check-in
Boarding
Takeoff
Departure from airport
Baggage claim
Deplane
Landing
Traveling

29. More on the air travel analogy…
Arrival
Check-in
Boarding
Takeoff
Departing airport
Departure
Baggage claim
Deplane
Landing
Arriving airport
Traveling
intermediate air traffic sites
Airplane routing

30. Protocol Architecture
Task of communication broken up into modules
For example file transfer could use three modules
File transfer application
Communication service module
Network access module

31. Simplified File Transfer Architecture

32. A Three Layer Model Application Layer Transport Layer
Network Access Layer

33. Network Access Layer
Exchange of data between the computer and the network
Sending computer provides address of destination
May invoke levels of service
Dependent on type of network used (LAN, packet switched etc.)

34. Transport Layer Reliable data exchange
Independent of network being used
Independent of application

35. Application Layer Support for different user applications
e.g. , file transfer

36. Layered Protocol Design
Layering model is a solution to the problem of complexity in network protocols
The model divides the network protocols into layers, each of which solves part of the network communication problem
Each layer has its own protocol!
Each layer implements a service to the layer above
Relying on services provided by the layers below.

37. Layers
Layers are the different components that need to be designed/implemented when designing/implementing networks.
Each layer responsible for a set of functions.
Top layer relies on services provided by bottom layer.
Layer makes it service available to higher layer through an interface.

38. Network/Protocol Architecture
Set of layers, what their functions are, the services each of them provide, and the interfaces between them.
A.k.a, protocol architecture or protocol stack.
Examples:
ISO-OSI 7 layer architecture.
TCP-IP architecture (Internet).

39. Protocol Data Units (PDU)
At each layer, protocols are used to communicate.
At the source, control information is added to user data at each layer, a.k.a., encapsulation.
At the receiver, control information is stripped off at each layer going up the stack, a.k.a., decapsulation.

40. Operation of a Protocol Architecture

41. Example 1: ISO OSI Architecture
ISO: International Standards Organization
OSI: Open Systems Interconnection.
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical

42. Layers of Interest in ISO Model
Layer 7: Application
Application-specific protocols (e.g. ftp, http, smtp)
Layer 4: Transport
Delivery of data between computers (end-to-end).
Layer 3: Network
Data routing across a network.
Layer 2: Data Link
Reliable transmission over physical medium.
Layer 1: Physical
- Transmission of bits between two nodes.

43. Example 2: TCP/IP Architecture
Model employed by the Internet.
TCP/IP
Application
ISO OSI
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Transport
Internet
Network
Network
Access
Data link
Physical
Physical

44. TCP/IP Protocol Architecture