1. Time The unreality of time

2. Review The A-Theory: (i) There are genuine A- properties and (ii) the passage of time consists of each time’s successive possession of different A-properties. The B-Theory: (i) There are no genuine A- properties and (ii) time does not really pass.

3. The A-Theory and the B-Theory The Tenseless View of Semantics: (i) The verbal tenses of ordinary language (expressions like ‘it is the case that’, ‘it was the case that’, and ‘it will be the case that’) can be eliminated through appropriate use of expressions like ‘simultaneous with’, ‘earlier than’, and ‘later than’. (ii) Propositions have truth values simpliciter rather than having truth values at times.

4. The A-Theory and the B-Theory The Tensed View of Semantics: (i) The verbal tenses of ordinary language (expressions like ‘it is the case that’, ‘it was the case that’, and ‘it will be the case that’) must be taken as primitive and unanalyzable. (ii) Propositions have truth values at times rather than just having truth values simpliciter.

5. McTaggart’s Argument Against the A-Series 1) If the A-series is real, then every event is past, present, and future. 2) Pastness, presentness and futurity are incompatible properties. 3) If (2), it’s not the case that every event is past, present, and future. 4) [So] The A-series is not real.

6. McTaggart’s Argument Against the A-Series Objection: It’s not the case that the lecture is past, present and future; rather it will be past, it is present and it was future. Being present entails Not being past It doesn’t entail Not having been past Reply: The regress worry X will be past = X is past at some future time. X is present = X is present at the present time. X was future = X is future at some past time.

7. McTaggart’s Argument Against the Reality of Time Change is essential to time. The A-series is essential to change.

8. McTaggart’s Argument Against the Reality of Time 1) The A-series is not real. 2) If the A-series is not real, then change is not real. 3) If change is not real, then there is no time. 4) [So] Time is not real.