1. Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents Amy R. Wolfson and Mary A. Carskadon Child Development, August 1998, Volume 69, Number 4, Pages 875-887 Casey Petek

2. Hypothesis Assess the relation between adolescents sleep /wake habits and their daytime functioning.

3. Dependent Variables Depressive mood Level of sleepiness Sleep / wake behavior problems Grades

4. Independent Variables School-night total sleep time Weekend delay Weekend oversleep Sex

5. Participants 3,120 high school students ages 13-19 at four public schools from three Rhode Island school districts

6. Theoretical Construct: Sleep habits and day time functioning Operational Definition: Sleep Habit Survey –Was administered during homeroom –Self-reported total sleep times on school nights and weekends over two weeks

7. In the first two sections MANOVA were used to examine age, sex, school, and grades in relation to the sleep /wake variables: total sleep time, bedtime, rise time, weekend delay, and weekend oversleep

8. When significant multivariate effects were found, univariate effects were then examined using Bonferroni tests to determine significant group mean differences.

9. Results Students with grades of C’s or below reported 25 minutes less sleep on school nights and also went to bed 40 minutes later then students who received A’s and B’s Adolescents who were in the groups defined as less than adequate sleep habits reported increased behavioral difficulties in comparison to those defined as adequate sleepers. Students in the short total sleep group reported more sleep/wake behavior problems

10. Results Students with short school-night sleep reported increased levels of depressed mood, daytime sleepiness, and problematic sleep behaviors in comparison to longer sleepers. Students with more irregular sleep schedules had more behavior problems. Females reported higher levels of depressed mood. Otherwise there were no sex differences

11. Results

13. Reported School Night Total Sleep Time (hours)

14. Discussion Most students do not get enough sleep. Optimal sleep is 9.2 hours. The median was 7.5 hours Poor sleep habits influence behavior and mood If adolescents got more sleep at night, they would experience fewer fluctuations in daily mood and less behavioral problems

15. Problems Everything was self-report. The data could have been inaccurate and was only based on two weeks Students from all over the country should be included Amount of sleep isn’t the best predictor of a persons grades