1. Overview creating your own functions calling your own functions

2. function definition return-value-type function-name (argument list) { declarations and statements } Example: int Square (int y) { int result; result = y * y; return result; }

3. function definition return-value-type function-name (argument list) { declarations and statements } return-value-type - any valid data type, plus void void abort () double sqrt (double) int main () function-name - any valid identifier. Our standard - verb, each word capitalized GetInput IsValid ShowMessage

4. function definition return-value-type function-name (argument list) { declarations and statements } argument list - comma separated list of arguments. Each must have a data type. Okay if function has no arguments. bool IsEmpty() bool IsEmpty(void) double sqrt (double x) double pow( double x, double y ) Each argument is a declaration. (See square example)

5. Returning control to caller - no return value void DisplayErrorMessage(int errorNumber) { cout << “Error Message number is “ << errorNumber; } or void DisplayErrorMessage(int errorNumber) { cout << “Error Message number is “ << errorNumber; return ; }

6. Returning control to caller with return value bool IsEmpty() { if (0 == bufferCount ) return true; else return false; }

7. Exercises 1) write a function which accepts an integer value as input, and returns an integer which is the cube of that input. Cube y 3 y int 2) write a function that accepts a char as input and returns true if the char is a digit from 0 to 9 or false if the character is not a digit from 0 to 9. IsDigit bool true if ch is 0 to 9 false if ch is not 0 to 9 ch char int

8. calling a function int main() { Function1 (); return 0; } void Function1() { return; }

9. function flow of control int main() { cout << “About to call Function1” << endl; Function1 (); cout << “Returned from Function1” << endl; return 0; } void Function1() { cout << “Inside Function1” << endl; return; } Demonstrate this

10. function flow of control - 2 calls int main() { cout << “About to call Function1” << endl; Function1 (); cout << “Returned from Function1” << endl; cout << “calling Function1 again” << endl; Function1 (); cout << “Returned from calling Function1 again” << endl; return 0; } void Function1() { cout << “Inside Function1” << endl; return; } Demonstrate this

11. benefits of functions Function code implemented once. Changes happen in one place main routine easier to understand because details of Function1 removed. When writing main routine only have to think about main. When writing Function1 only have to think about Function1

12. cout statements as a debug technique can determine flow of control can determine how and when variables change.

13. Inputs and outputs int main () { int xSquared, int x = 10; xSquared = Square (x); cout << “ the square of “ << x << “ is “ << xSquared; return 0; } int Square (int y) { int result; result = y * y; return result; } What happens to xSquared, x, y, result? Walk through. Show memory

14. variables inside a function are not visible outside the function int main () { int xSquared; for (int x = 1; x <= 10; x++) { xSquared = Square (x); cout << xSquared << “ “ ; } cout << result; // would cause a compiler error return 0; } int Square (int y) { int result; result = y * y; return result; }

15. y is not visible outside the function int main () { int xSquared; for (int x = 1; x <= 10; x++) { xSquared = Square (x); cout << xSquared << “ “ ; } cout << y; // would cause a compiler error return 0; } int Square (int y) { int result; result = y * y; return result; }

16. Exercises 1) Write a main function which calls the Cube function that you wrote earlier. Have it calculate the cube of the numbers from 1 to 10 and display them. int Cube (int y) 2) Write a main function which calls the IsDigit function that you wrote earlier. Have it read in 10 input characters from a user and for each one, display whether it is a digit or not. bool IsDigit (char ch)

17. function prototype Tells compiler: type of data returned from function number of arguments function expects to receive type of arguments the function expects to receive order in which those arguments are expected. Example: int Square (int y);

18. function prototype Compiler must see either the function itself or the function prototype before the function is actually called in the code. int Square (int y); int main () { int xSquared; for (int x = 1; x <= 10; x++) { xSquared = Square (x); cout << xSquared << “ “ ; } return 0; } Function itself may be in a different file as it is with library functions

19. Area of a Triangle AreaTriangle side1 side2 side3 (float) area of the triangle (float)

20. #include using namespace std; float AreaTriangle (float side1, float side2, float side3); // prototype int main () { float a, b, c; // the three sides of the triangle float area; float area; cout << endl << "This program calculates the area of a triangle"; cout << endl << "with sides of length 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0" << endl; a = 3.0; b = 4.0; c = 5.0; area = AreaTriangle(a, b, c); cout << endl << "The area of the triangle is " << area << endl; return 0; } /* * PRE: side1, side2, and side3 are positive numbers that * form the sides of a triangle * POST: returns the area of a triangle with sides side1, * side2, side3 */ float AreaTriangle (float side1, float side2, float side3) { float s; // local variable - the semiperimiter s = (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2.0; return (sqrt ( s * (s - side1) * (s - side2) * (s - side3) ) ); }

21. variables 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 s side3 side2 side1 area c b a s, side1, side2, side3 are variables in the AreaTriangle function area, a, b and c are variables in the main program At runtime a copy of a, b, c is made and used to initialize side1, side2 and side3

22. miscellaneous you could skip writing a prototype all together and just put the function ahead of main. Not intuitive. Makes source code hard to read. you could implement AreaTriangle initially as a stub with no other code except return 0;

23. 1) Write a function named Smallest that takes three integer inputs and returns an integer that is the smallest of the three inputs. Write the prototype for the Smallest function. Write a program that gets 3 integers from a user and displays the smallest 2) Write a function that, given a letter of the alphabet, returns true if the letter is a vowel (lower or uppercase) and returns false if the letter is not a vowel. IsAVowel true if letter is a vowel false if letter is not a vowel letter (char) 3) Write the prototype for IsAVowel. Write a program to invoke the IsAVowel function. Inputs a letter and prints out whether it is or is not a vowel.

24. Automatic conversions What if the parameter you want to send is different than that expected by the function? double Square (double y); int main () { double xSquared; for (int x = 1; x <= 10; x++) { xSquared = Square (x); cout << xSquared << “ “ ; } return 0; } x converted to double. Works fine.

25. Automatic conversions What if the parameter you want to send is different than that expected by the function? int Square (int y); int main () { double d1 = 9.8; cout << Square (d1); // displays 81 return 0; return 0; } d1 converted to int. Information is lost. Beware!

26. Promotion rules Specify which types can be converted to other types without losing data. As long as you follow the promotion rules then conversions are okay. Must promote to a data type higher in the hierarchy

27. Promotion hierarchy long double double float unsigned long int long int unsigned int int unsigned short int short int unsigned char char

28. Common programming error Losing data by allowing the compiler to change a data type and not follow the promotion rules.

29. Exercises 1) Find the error in each of the following program segments and explain how to fix it. a) int sum (int x, int y) { int result; result = x + y; } b) int sum (int n) { if (0 == n) return 0; else n = n + n; } c) in main program: double x = 1E10; cout << "square of 1E10 = " << square (x) << endl; int square (int x) { return x * x; }

30. More Exercises 1) Find the error in the following function and fix it. void displayErrorMessage (int errorNumber) { switch (errorNumber) { case 0: cout << "Fatal Error!" << endl; break; case 1: cout << "Error!" << endl; break; default: cout << "Invalid error code" << endl; } return true; }