1. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 Design and Implementation of VLSI Systems (EN0160) Lecture 15: Interconnects & Wire Engineering Prof. Sherief Reda Division of Engineering, Brown University Spring 2007 [sources: Weste/Addison Wesley – Rabaey/Pearson]

2. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 Interconnects introduce cross talk A capacitor does not like to change its voltage instantaneously. A wire has high capacitance to its neighbor. –When the neighbor switches from 1→ 0 or 0 → 1, the wire tends to switch too. –Called capacitive coupling or crosstalk. Crosstalk has two harmful effects: 1.Increased delay on switching wires 2.Noise on nonswitching wires

3. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 1. Crosstalk impacts delay Assume layers above and below on average are quiet –Second terminal of capacitor can be ignored –Model as Cgnd = Ctop + Cbot Effective Cadj depends on behavior of neighbors –Miller effect

4. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 2.Crosstalk also creates noise Crosstalk causes noise on nonswitching wires If victim is floating: –model as capacitive voltage divider

5. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 Crosstalk noise effects Usually victim is driven by a gate that fights noise –Noise depends on relative resistances –Victim driver is in linear region, agg. in saturation –If sizes are same, aggressor = 2-4 x Rvictim (time constant depends on the ratio of time constant of aggressor and victim)

6. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 Simulating noise induced by coupling Noise is less than the noise margin → nothing happens Static CMOS logic will eventually settle to correct output even if disturbed by large noise spikes But glitches cause extra delay and power Large driver oppose the coupling sooner → smaller noise Memories are more sensitive

7. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 Wire Engineering Goal: achieve delay, area, power goals with acceptable noise Possible solutions: 1. Width, Spacing, Layer 2. Shielding 3. Repeater insertion 4. Wire staggering and differential signaling

8. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 1/2. Width, Spacing, Layer, Shielding Widening a wire reduces resistance but increases capacitance (but less proportionally) → RC delay product improves Spacing reduces capacitance → improves RC delay Layers Coupling can be avoided if adjacent lines do not switch → shield critical nets with power or ground wires on one or both sides to eliminate coupling

9. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 3. Repeater insertion R and C are proportional to l RC delay is proportional to l 2 –Unacceptably great for long wires Break long wires into N shorter segments –Drive each one with a repeater or buffer source sink buffer/repeater Two questions: A.What is the position that minimizes the delay? B.How many repeaters to insert to minimize the delay?

10. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 What is the delay from source to sink without any repeaters? source sink L

11. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 A. If you have one repeater, where is the optimal position to insert it? source sink x L buffer Minimum delay is attained when Makes sense to add a buffer only if D 0 -D 1 > 0

12. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 A. If there are multiple buffers, where are the optimal locations to insert them? source sink L/2 L If R buf = R snk and C snk = C buf then the optimal location for the buffer is at distance L/2 If there are N buffers then minimum delay will occur when they are equally spaced, i.e., separation distance is L/(N+1) L/2

13. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 B. What is the optimal number N of repeaters? source buffer

14. S. Reda EN160 SP’07 4. Staggering and differential signaling staggering differential signaling