1. 20 th Century Views on Mind and Body Logical Behaviorism (Gilbert Ryle): “mind” refers simply to a way of speaking about behaviors (1900-76) Mind-Brain (Identity) Theory: states of consciousness & thoughts are simply brain states (“reductive materialism”) Problem: consciousness & brain states have different properties (e.g., consciousness is not spatial) Mind-Brain (Identity) Theory: states of consciousness & thoughts are simply brain states (“reductive materialism”) Problem: consciousness & brain states have different properties (e.g., consciousness is not spatial) J. J. C. Smart (1920- )

2. More 20 th Century Theories of Mind Eliminative Materialism: we should replace terms like “thought” with purely material expressions Paul Churchland (1942 - ) Functionalism: mental states are patterned associations of sensory stimuli and behaviors; these associations are not tied to any particular anatomical mechanism Jerry Fodor (1935 - )

3. Minds and Machines Epiphenomenalism: “conscious” activity is simply the result of physical (“automatic”) organizationEpiphenomenalism: “conscious” activity is simply the result of physical (“automatic”) organization Thomas Huxley (1825-95) Objection: to say that a being thinks or feels pain is not to describe anything; it is to reveal how we speak (which is linked to a network of other beliefs) Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)