1. INTERNET Chapter 5 5

2. Objectives of this chapter: Discuss the history of the Internet Describe the types of Web sites Explain how to access and connect to the Internet You can… Imagine the future of the internet

3. Overview This chapter covers –Introduction –History –Internet Software –Internet Services –Future of the Internet

4. 5.1 Introduction

5. What is the Internet? –The largest network of networks in the world –Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching –Runs on any communications substrate Introduction

6. Also called the Net One huge global interconnected networks that comprised millions of computers A world-wide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individual Internet services widely use – World Wide Web & e-mail Introduction (cont’d)

7. A technology to link LAN network to a bigger network Every computer in the network can directly share data and information with other computers Internet Service Provider (ISP) are responsible to provide Internet services: –Examples: Jaring, MIMOS, TMNet, Telekom, Maxis.net, Time Telekom Introduction (cont’d)

8. “Galactic” Network –A network that is connected globally where each computers are able to retrieve data directly and share information –Every computer on the internet has an IP address (similar to a telephone number) and it is able to exchange data directly with other computers by “ dialing ” the computer ’ s address –The Internet uses packet switching concept where data sent are divided into smaller units known as packets –Each unit of packet has a number and destination address Introduction (cont’d)

9. Interoperability –The Internet allows every computer in a network to operate even tough each remote computers are of different brands and models or in a cross-platform network. –For example, a user can contact other computers like MAC, Windors PC, UNIX Machine and Mainframe using MAC. –Telnet is an example of an Internet service where a user can access a remote computer in a network after keying in login and password Introduction (cont’d)

10. High-speed connection Slow-speed technology How to connect to the Internet? Dial-up access modem in your computer uses a standard telephone line to connect to the Internet Digital subscriber line (DSL), cable telephone Internet services (CATV), cable modem, fixed wireless, and satellite modems Connection is always on— whenever the computer is running Connection must be established each time you log on. Slow but inexpensive Introduction (cont’d)

11. –All computers have a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address. –All computers use TCP/IP protocol to communicate. –Requires communication device like modem, ISDN adapter, Ethernet card, telephone line –Download - to transmit data from a remote computer to a local computer –Upload - to transmit data from a local computer to a remote computer Introduction (cont’d)

12. TCP/IP –Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – a combined set of protocols that tells computers how to exchange information over the Internet. TCP monitors and ensures correct transfer of data. IP receives the data from TCP, breaks it up into packets, and ships it off to a network within the Internet. Introduction (cont’d)

13. –Each Internet services require different protocols. –Examples like FTP and HTTP sit on top of TCP/IP. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – accessed using FTP browser or DOS prompt HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – accessed using Web Browser POP3 and SMTP – accessed using Mail Browser Introduction (cont’d)

14. Role of ISP –Access is provided by the Internet Service Provider (ISP) i.e. Jaring, TMNet. –ISP provides a back bone to the network – either: PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) or SONET (Synchronized Optical Network) –ISP also provide domain name registration for each organization. Introduction (cont’d)

15. What is a domain name?  Text version of Internet protocol (IP) address  Number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to Internet Introduction (cont’d)

16. Communication Link –Shell Access Usually by free shell account providers used for text- based email, IRC. Modem and phone line  temporary IP Computer  providers that connect to the Internet (not directly connect to Internet) –Dial-up Point-to-Point (PPP) Modem, phone line, ISDN adapter  temporary IP Computer  Internet Introduction (cont’d)

17. –Cable/Satellites Dial-up with modem and phone line  temporary IP. Faster transmission rate. –Leased Line Modem and dedicated line  fixed IP. Usually to host Internet/Web Server. Support Extranet (external Internet) i.e. Sony Malaysia and Sony Japan. Introduction (cont’d)

18. How the Internet Works How might data travel the Internet using a cable modem connection?

19. 5.2 History

20. 1962 –Started from Lickder ’ s “ Galactic Network ” idea that introduced the concept of Packet Switching. RAND researchers concluded that Packet Switching was the best concept 1968 –Lawrence G Roberts from DARPA formulated the specifications for Advanced Research Agency Network (ARPANET) 1969 –ARPANET connected 4 computers in California and Utah, connecting university and research center with the Department of Defence (DoD) - USA History

21. 1973 –ARPANET became an international network 1981 –ARPANET connected 213 computers 1984 –Total computers connected to ARPANET reached 1000 1987 –Total computers connected to ARPANET reached 10,000 History (cont’d)

22. Packet Switching –In 1962, Galactic Network introduced the concept of packet-switching, a new technology to transfer information between 2 distant computers –Packet-switching technology will break each message/data into smaller unit called packets for speedy and guaranteed delivery –Each packet carries a unique identification number and the destination address History (cont’d)

23. ARPANET – (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) –In 1968, L.G. Roberts from DARPA institute published a specification for Advanced Research Agency Network (ARPANET) –In 1969, ARPANET successfully connected 4 research computers in California & Utah –E-mail services was introduced in 1972 – people exchange text messages across a long distance –In 1973, ARPANET become international network History (cont’d)

24. –By 1981, ARPANET has 213 inter-connected computers called the Internet –In 1982, ARPANET was taken by DARPA and given to NSF (National Science Foundation) –In 1983, the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was introduced by Kahn & Cerf –By 1984 the network has grown to 1,000 computers and increased to 10,000 in the following 3 years History (cont’d)

25. World Wide Web (WWW) –In 1989, a researcher named Tim Berners-Lee proposed the idea WWW while working at CERN (a physics laboratory in Europe) –In 1993, a group of professors and students at the University of Illinois National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) release mosaic – the first graphically based web browser History (cont’d)

26. What is the World Wide Web (WWW)? A worldwide collection of electronic documents Each electronic document is called a Web page Also called the Web Can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in connections A Web site is a collection of related Web pages History (cont’d)

27. 5.3 Internet Software

28. Internet software allows user to use the services provided by the Internet 1. Web Browser – Allows user to view web page and browse Internet sites Internet Software

29. Example of Web browser Microsoft Internet Explorer Netscape FirefoxOperaMozillaSafari Internet Software - www

30. How does a Web browser display a home page? Step 1. Click the Web browser program name Step 2. Web browser looks up the home page setting Step 3. The Web browser communicates with the ISP’s server to retrieve the IP address. The IP address is sent to your computer. Step 4. The home page displays in the Web browser Internet Software - www

31. 2. Pager – A software that allows a individual user to communicate with other Internet users. Each user has to have the same software in their computer and register at a certain website for them to obtain an unique identity or ID – The user can then use this software by adding in other user’s ID in his/her pager software to be able to know whether the other user is online on the Internet Internet Software (cont’d)

32. – It is usually used to communicate with other “ known ” individual; as the user needs to know the other user ’ s ID – Examples of pager software - Yahoo Messenger, ICQ and MSN Messenger etc – Some software such as Skype also allows user to communicate via telephone, using Internet as the intermediary medium Internet Software (cont’d)

33. 3. E-Mail –A software that allows user to read, write and store e-mails –Examples of e-mail software – Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger and Mozilla Thunderbird 4. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) –A software that allows user to use Internet Relay Chat services (Real-time Chat). –An examples of IRC software – mIRC Internet Software (cont’d)

34. 5. Download Manager –Allow users to download files to their computers –It can continue to download the file if the user decide to continue downloading at a later time, or if the user got disconnected and connected again from the network, without having to start the download again from the beginning of the file –However, to continue downloading from where you stop depends on the server that hosts the file(s). Note that not all server support this process –The software is also capable of searching other server that hosts the same file(s), which is faster and/or closer to the user ’ s location. –E.g. – FlashGet, Download Accelerator Plus, Godzilla and RealNetwork download manager Internet Software (cont’d)

35. 6. Internet Music Player –Capable of playing music from the internet –Some web pages like radio or tv station ’ s web sites, provide a web based audio and/or video broadcasting/streaming through the internet. It can only be viewed using special software –Among the popular software are RealPlayer and Microsoft Media Player –This technology of listening/viewing audio/video through the internet is called “ Streaming ” Internet Software (cont’d)

36. 5.4 Internet Services

37. 1. E-mail –Used to send messages digitally through the internet –Every message delivery should have: address of the recipient, address of the sender, subject of the message and body of the message –Email operations include - reply, forward, delete, save and print –Email will take a few seconds to be sent, it will be stored in the recipient ’ s email server until the recipient retrieves it. Then the recipient may reply, forward, delete, save or print the email Internet Services

38. azuramasura@jpa.gov.my User name/ID: azuramasura Domain name: jpa Top-level domain:.gov Two-letter country extension:.my Internet Services (cont’d)

39. Other Internet Services How does an e-mail message travel? Step 4. When recipient uses e-mail software to check for e-mail messages, the message transfers from incoming mail server to recipient’s computer Step 2. Your software contacts software on your ISP’s outgoing mail server Step 3. Software on outgoing mail server determines best route for data and sends message, which travels along Internet routers to recipient’s incoming mail server Step 1. Using e-mail software, you create and send message

40. 2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) –FTP is a protocol used to transfer (download or upload) files between computers on the internet. –FTP Client software can be used on PCs to connect to FTP server. –2 types of modes to transfer files using FTP are: ACII (text files) Binary (usually programs, graphics and basically all other file types other than text) Internet Services (cont’d)

41. –Usually username and password is required to login to FTP service on a FTP server –Anonymous FTP is one way to connect to FTP server without having to identify yourself. Anonymous FTP example: Type the following command on a DOS prompt  ftp ftp.jaring.my Enter the following username an password when asked Login: anonymous or Anonymous Passwd: Internet Services (cont’d)

42. 3. Newsgroup/Message boards Internet Services (cont’d)  Newsgroup  Many Web sites use message boards because they are easier to use  Online area where users discuss a particular subject  Message board  Type of discussion group

43. 4. Chat –Real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer –Chat room is location on server that permits users to discuss topics of interest –Instant Messaging –Example: mIRC, Yahoo Messanger, Skype, MSN Messanger etc Internet Services (cont’d)

44. 5. Internet Telephony –Real-time audio and video technology, such as Voice Over IP (VoIP) and Video Conferencing is getting more popular –VoIP techology uses three methods: PC-to-PC – Using sound card, microphone and computer Phone-to-PC Phone-to-Phone – Using Telephones that support VoIP –The quality is not guaranteed (No QoS), There are noise and echo. All calls are charged as local calls.

45. 6. Telnet –Allows users to login to remote computers using valid username and password. Users need to have an account on the remote computer. Issue the following command in DOS promt telnet www.upm.edu.my –A secured alternative to telnet is by connecting to remote computer using SSH (Secure Shell) ssh www.upm.edu.my –The remote computer must have Telnet/SSH server running for users to connect to it Internet Services (cont’d)

46. 7. Ping –Allows users to check whether a remote computer is up/operational. Type the following command in DOS prompt ping www.upm.edu.my –This command or service might not work properly if: The server or user is behind a firewall and it blocks ICMP request. Your ISP does not allow this type of request. The server has an embedded firewall on it and it blocks ICMP request. Internet Services (cont’d)

47. 8. Web Sites –A framework architecture used to share and access documents that is connected to the internet –Information displayed are intuitive, easy to use and using interesting graphical interface –Information are exchanged using client server concept. –A web document that interconnects pages is called hypertext –A text string that links a page to other pages is called a hyperlink –Hypertext that contains other media (graphics, audio, video, etc.) is called hypermedia –WWW is a world wide hypermedia and hypertext system Internet Services (cont’d)

48. –Every address is unique and is called Universal Resource Locator (URL) http://www.jaring.my/intro/index.html –URLs consists of 4 parts: Protocol:HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Server:Internet domain name Path:The location of the document in the server- folder/directory name Resources name:The filename, usually in one of these formats html/cgi/sound/movie/graphic protocol server pathFile name Internet Services (cont’d)-website

49. What is Search engine  Program used to find Web sites and Web pages by entering words or phrases called search text  Also called a keyword Internet Services (cont’d)-website

50. What is a hit?  Any Web site name that is listed as the result of a search Step 4. Click link to view Web site Step 1. Go to search engine Step 2. Select type of search you want to run Step 3. View hits Internet Services (cont’d)-website

51. AdvocacyBlogWiki Social Network Content Aggregator Personal Portal Internet Services (cont’d)- website NewsInformational Business/ Marketing EducationalEntertainment 12 basic types of Web sites

52. Internet Services (cont’d)- website  A Web site that offers a variety of services from one, convenient location, usually for free  Searching, news, sports and weather, Web publishing, reference tools, stock quotes, maps, shopping, e-mail, and online communities (Web sites that join people with similar interests) Portal Web site

53. News Web site  Contains newsworthy material  Stories and articles relating to current events, life, money, sports, and the weather Internet Services (cont’d)-website

54. Informational Web site  Contains factual information  Created by organizations and government agencies Internet Services (cont’d)-website

55. Business/marketing Web site  Contains content that promotes products or services  Allows you to purchase products or services online Internet Services (cont’d)-website

56. Educational Web site  Some companies offer online training for employees  Some colleges offer online classes and degrees  Offers avenues for formal and informal teaching and learning Internet Services (cont’d)-website

57. Entertainment Web site  Offers an interactive and engaging environment featuring music, video, sports, games, and more Internet Services (cont’d)-website

58. Advocacy Web site  Contains content that describes a cause, opinion, or idea Internet Services (cont’d)-website

59.  Short for Weblog  Uses a regularly updated journal format to reflect the interests, opinions, and personalities of the author and sometimes site visitors  Video blog (vlog), blogosphere, and vlogosphere Blog web site

60. Wiki web site  Collaborative Web site that allows users to add to, modify, or delete the Web site content via their Web browser Internet Services (cont’d)-website

61.  Encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos  Media sharing Web site  Other example?  Friendster  Facebook  Hi5  Geni (family tree) Online social network

62. Content aggregator web site  Business that gathers and organizes Web content and then distributes, or feeds, the content to subscribers for free or a fee Internet Services (cont’d)-website

63. Personal Web site  Web page maintained by private individual  Reasons: sharing life experience with the world or job hunting Internet Services (cont’d)-website

64. Graphics formats are used on the Web BMP GIF (pronounced JIFF) JPEG (pronounced JAY-peg) TIFF PNG (pronounced ping) Internet Services (cont’d)-website

65. What is streaming audio/video? The process of transferring audio/video in a continuous and even flow Enables you to listen to music/ watch video as it downloads to your computer Example of a web site offers video streaming: www.youtube.com Example of a web site offers audio streaming: www.i-bands.net/bandlist.php Internet Services (cont’d)-website

66. Netiquette What is netiquette? Golden Rule: Treat others as you would like them to treat you.  Code of acceptable behaviors users should follow while on the Internet

67. 5.5 HTML Programming Language

68. Introduction What is HTML?  HyperText Markup Language  It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document—by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on—and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects [wikipedia].

69. Introduction (cont’d) HTML Version Timeline 1995 HTML 2.0 1997 HTML 4.0 1997 HTML 3.2 2000 HTML 4.01

70. Introduction (cont’d) Web page authoring software  Creates sophisticated Web pages without need to type/edit HTML  It generates HTML automatically  Examples:  Dreamweaver  Flash  Microsoft Frontpage  Expression Web  Silverlight HTML Editor  HTML documents are plain-text files that can be created using any text editor  Example:  Netscape Composer  Notepad, word.

71. Web Page Development How are special effects and interactive elements added to a Web page? Counter Counter tracks number of visitors to Web site Image map Image map graphic image that points to URL Script Script interpreted program that runs on client Applet Applet usually runs on client, but is compiled Processing form Processing form collects data from visitors to Web site Servlet Servlet applet that runs on server ActiveX control ActiveX control small program that runs on client

72. Introduction (cont’d) Some scripting language :  JavaScript  Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language)  PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)  Rexx (Restructured eXtended eXecutor)  TCL (Tool Command Language)  VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition)

73. Introduction (cont’d) What are XHTML, XML, and WML? XHTML XHTML (Extensible HTML) enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers XML XML (Extensible Markup Language) allows developers to create customized tags WML WML (Wireless Markup Language) allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers Includes features of HTML and XML Many Internet-enabled smart phones and PDAs use WML as their markup language Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without going back to server Microbrowser - is a web browser designed for use on a mobile device such as a mobile phone or PDA.

74. Web page Development HTML is composed of tags Tags - tells browser how to display the information provided HTML tags are always enclosed in angle-brackets ( ) and are case-insensitive Generally used in pairs –Open tag –Closing tag – same tag with / in front –Example:...

75. Web page Development (cont’d) Basic tags If you view this from the browser, you will see a blank page.

76. Web page Development (cont’d) HTML Header and Paragraph See the output of this HTMLoutput Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 Heading 5 Heading 6 This is a paragraph This is another paragraph The text between this tag is displayed as a heading. HTML has six levels of headings, through with 1 being the largest The text between this tag is displayed as a paragraph

77. HTML Document – linking –Hyperlink - browser highlights the identified text or image with color and/or underlines to indicate that it is a hypertext link –Relative linking - the path to the linked file relative to the location of the current file. Click Page 1 –Absolute linking - linking to documents that are not directly related FSKTM Web page Development (cont’d)

78. HTML Links HTML links are defined with the tag. Example: See the outputoutput Add target=“_blank” to open link in new window –Example: UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) UPM is a Malaysia’s leading research intensive public university Click here to know more about UPM Target page Clickable text

79. Web page Development (cont’d) Create a mailto link –send electronic mail to a specific person or mail alias by including the mailto attribute in a hyperlink –will only work if you have mail installed –See outputoutput This is a mail link: Send Mail

80. Web page Development (cont’d) HTML Images –HTML images are defined with the tag. –See the output of this HTMLoutput Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) UPM is a Malaysia’s leading research intensive public university Click here to know more about UPM Image source

81. –GIF Graphics Interchange Format Use for graphics –JPG Joint Photographic Experts Group Use for photographs –PNG Portable Network Graphics Expected to replace GIF Web page Development (cont’d)

82. An image as a link –This example demonstrates how to use an image as a link. –See outputoutput Click on the banner to go to UPM’s portal

83. Web page Development (cont’d) HTML Text Formatting tag See outputoutput TagDESCRIPTION Defines bold text Defines big text Defines emphasized text Defines italic text Defines small text Defines strong text Defines subscripted text Defines superscripted text Defines inserted text Defines deleted text Deprecated. Use instead Deprecated. Use instead Deprecated. Use styles instead This text is bold This text is strong This text is big This text is emphasized This text is italic This text is small This is subscript and superscript

84. Web page Development (cont’d) HTML Style Attribute –The purpose of the style attribute is to provide a common way to style all HTML elements. –HTML Style Examples: style="background-color:yellow" style="font-size:10px" style="font-family:Times" style="text-align:center“ –See outputoutput Look! Styles and colors This text is in Verdana and red This text is in Times and green This text is 30 pixels high This is the new style attributes. The obsolete old style was:

85. Web page Development (cont’d) Table –Tables are defined with the tag. –divided into rows (with the tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the tag). –The letters td stands for "table data" which is the content of a data cell. –A data cell can contain text, images, lists, paragraphs, forms, horizontal rules, tables, etc.

86. Tables Tags –... - define table in HTML –... - specifies a table row within a table –... - defines a table header cell –... - defines a table data cell Web page Development (cont’d)

87. Table demonstration –One row and One Column –See outputoutput one Row One column: 1,1

88. Web page Development (cont’d) –One Row Two Column –See outputoutput One Row and Two Columns 1,1 1,2

89. Web page Development (cont’d) –Two Row and Two Column –See outputoutput Two Rows and Two Columns: 1,1 1,2 2,1 2,2

90. Tables – more properties –BORDER = X - add borders to the table –WIDTH=x, HEIGHT=x, - control the size of the table –ALIGN=left or center or right - align a table/data to the left,center or right –CELLSPACING-the width of the spacing between cell and along edges of cells. –CELLPADDING-amount of space inserted btw cell content and the inner edge of a cell Web page Development (cont’d)

91. HTML List –HTML supports unordered, ordered and definition lists –Unordered List marked with bullets (typically small black circles). starts with the tag. each list item starts with the tag –Ordered Lists marked with numbers. starts with the tag each list item starts with the tag –Definition List It is a list of items (terms), with a description of each item (term). starts with a tag (definition list). each term starts with a tag (definition term). each description starts with a tag (definition description).

92. Web page Development (cont’d) Demonstration of Unordered list See outputoutput An Unordered List: Coffee Tea Milk

93. Web page Development (cont’d) Demonstration of Ordered list See outputoutput An ordered List: Coffee Tea Milk

94. Web page Development (cont’d) Demonstration of Definition list See outputoutput A Definition List: Coffee Black hot drink Milk White cold drink

95. End of Chapter 5