1. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY The Effectiveness of T-way Test Data Generation or Data Driven Testing Michael Ellims

2. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Overview The problem with testing Experimental designs Adequacy of tests Experiments in effectiveness Optimisation

3. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY The problems with testing Expensive –Estimated at 50% of project cost Hard –No good theory on designing tests Solution: automate the testing process?

4. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Automated testing Generation is half the problem –we can generate data but... We still need an “oracle” –test have to pass or fail Options –embedded assertions –formal models –usually – some human

5. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Automated testing We want a “simple” method –easy to understand –easy to use –inputs from development e.g. data dictionary –data driven testing Solution: design of experiments techniques?

6. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Design of experiments Full factorial experiments –“in which every setting of every factor appears with every setting of every other factor” Factor == variable Setting == level == value

7. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Design of experiments – Latin Square

8. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Design of experiments we have a set of sixteen test vectors v 1.. v 16 read from the matrix as follows: v 1 = {1, 1, A} v 2 = {1, 2, B} v 3 = {1, 3, C} … v 16 = {4, 4, C}

9. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY t-way testing : example Three variables a, b, c a has three “valid” values, b has two c, has two pairwise or 2-way adequate test set... a1 a2 a3 a2 a1 a3 a1 b2 b1 b1 b2 b2 b2 b1 c1 c2 c1 c1 c2 c2 c1

10. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Evidence Many papers on 2-way adequate test –mostly vs. coverage criteria (good not great) –issues with coverage some work supports, some doesn’t Kuhn et al. (series of papers) –Implied higher factors than 2-way needed –t = 5 or 6 Schroeder et al.

11. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Research Questions How good are t-way adequate test sets? t = 2 to t =5 Can we address oracle problem? 2283 vectors – can’t reviewed by hand!

12. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Problem... Compare against what? –coverage : too weak Statement coverage Branch coverage MCDC coverage

13. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Adequacy - code mutation Error based testing –for a limited set of errors –conceptually simple - coding errors Direct measure of test set “goodness” –Can test N find error X –Higher fidelity and statement coverage F1 : 12 lines but 81 code mutants F2 : 33 lines but 669 code mutants F3 : 51 lines but 1297 code mutants

14. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY What are code mutants? if ((a q))) ff = jj + 34; if ((a > b) && ((x + y) > q))) ff = jj + 34; if ((a q))) ff = jj + 34; if ((a q))) ff += jj + 34; if ((a q))) ff = jj + 35;

15. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Procedure FOR each vector FOR each mutant run vector on un-mutated code // oracle! run vector on mutant compare results ENDFOR

16. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Experiment 1 - effectiveness How good is automated testing? –t-way verses hand generated tests –t-way verses random tests –t-way verses random designs

17. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY All methods – mutation score

18. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Selected methods – mutation score

19. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Selected methods - raw data

20. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Experiment 2 - minimisation Can we reduce test set to a manageable size? –oracle problem – the oracle is a person! –You can examine 1000's test vectors Can we get it to run faster? –2000 vectors over 2000 mutants –at two seconds per test...

21. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Optimization FOR next t-way adequate test set // t = 2.. 5 run remaining mutants vs. all remaining vectors WHILE a test kill > 1 mutant remains select test that kills most mutants mark mutants as dead ENDWHILE ENDFOR select vectors that kill remaining mutants

22. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Time Improvement

23. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Size Improvement (x5)

24. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Conclusions t-way adequate test sets are competitive with hand generated tests. –2-way adequate tests sets are not –t >= 3, t = 5 or t =6 is best Random Testing... –Good but... –NOT reliable –serious implications for testing research

25. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Issues Is mutation adequate? –Equivalent mutants Too few functions Simplistic data models Structures –N dimensional arrays –Structures with structure –Sparse structures

26. A CONTROL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Random Ideas Mutations as a measure of complexity? –complexity of code is hard to measure –possible too one dimensional Mutations as a measure of robustness –is code that has easily killed mutants “better”