2. Comprehensive Review Unit

3. Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome Democratic ideas first develop in Greece in limited form around 500 B.C. The concept of a direct democracy is developed around 450 B.C. by the Greeks ruler Pericles. Rome develops the idea of the republic and records fair, impartial laws, establishing the idea of a “government of laws, not of men.”

4. Judeo-Christian Tradition Judaism promotes the idea that people are responsible for making moral choices and for fighting against poverty and injustice. Christianity promotes the idea of equality which is central to democracy. The Renaissance and the Reformation further the ideas of individualism and of challenging authoritarian institutions.

5. Democratic Developments in England The Magna Carta limits the power of kings and promotes individual rights. The Parliament first develops in the late 13 th century and grows stronger over the next four years. As Parliament gains strength, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.

6. The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolutions The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu contribute to the rise of democratic ideals. They inspire the rise of democracy in America and France. The struggle for democracy continues today.

7. Overview The rise of democratic ideas has taken thousands of years, beginning with the ancient Greeks and with the rise of Judaism and Christianity. Today, democratic institutions continue to grow and spread throughout the world.

8. European Renaissance and Reformation Key Ideas

9. Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, flourishes in Italy, beginning about 1300. Versatile artists transform painting, sculpture, and literature.

10. The Northern Renaissance In the 1400’s, Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe, where German and Flemish masters create distinctive works of art. The books of northern Renaissance writers and philosophers become widely available because of the invention of the printing press.

11. Luther Starts the Reformation Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges the authority of eh Catholic Church and triggers the Reformation-a movement for religious reform. The Reformation spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks ties with the Catholic Church.

12. The Reformation Continues John Calvin develops a system of Protestant theology that gains popularity among other European reformers. To stem the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Church initiates its own reforms.

13. Overview Two great European movements-the Renaissance and the Reformation-usher in dramatic cultural and social changes. The Renaissance marked the flowering of artistic creativity, while the Reformation led to new Christian beliefs.

14. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

15. FARMING IN THE MIDDLE AGES VILLAGES FEED THEMSELVES ONE OF THREE FIELDS LEFT FALLOW (EMPTY) TO REGAIN GOOD SOIL ANIMALS GRAZED IN COMMON PASTURES

16. DISADVANTAGES LAND USE INEFFICENT WASTE OF LAND FARMERS DIDN’T EXPERIMENT WITH NEW FARMING METHODS

17. FORCES FOR CHANGE POPULATION GROWING-- MORE FOOD NEEDED FRENCH BLOCKADE--NO CORN--MORE FOOD NEEDED

18. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE AGRICULTURE REVOLUTION

19. ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT WEALTHY LANDLORDS FENCED IN COMMON PASTURES AND EXPERIMENTED WITH NEW FARMING TECHNOLOGY VILLAGES LOST COMMON LANDS AND POLITICAL POWER, PEASANTS BECAME POORER

20. CROP ROTATION FIELDS THAT WERE OUT OF NUTRIENTS BY ONE CROP WERE REPLENISHED (MADE NEW) BY PLANTING DIFFERENT CROPS FIELDS NOT LEFT FALLOW

21. OTHER DISCOVERIES SEED DRILL (JETHRO TULL) PLANTED SEEDS EFFICENTLY NEW CROPS: CORN AND POTATO Page 121

22. RESULTS OF AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION MORE FOOD AVAILABLE POPULATION INCREASED

23. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND FACTORY SYSTEM

24. DOMESTIC SYSTEM COTTAGE INDUSTRY COULDN’T KEEP UP WITH DEMAND FOR TEXTILES SPINNING JENNY, WATER FRAME, AND SPINNING MULE-- IMPROVED Textiles, --

25. DOMESTIC SYSTEM POWER LOOM-- SPED UP WEAVING COTTON GIN-- SEPARATED SEEDS FROM COTTON

26. RISE OF THE FACTORY NEW MACHINES, OFTEN TOO BIG FOR HOMES, WERE PUT INTO FACTORIES FACTORIES LOCATED NEAR POWER SOURCE:COAL, IRON, WATER

27. EFFECTS OF FACTORIES PRICES OF MASS-PRODUCED TEXTILES WERE LOWER THAN- PRODUCED ITEMS BRITIANS’ TEXTILE INDUSTRY INCREASED ENORMOUSLY MAJORITY OF VILLAGERS FORCED TO LEAVE TO FIND WORK IN THE FACTORIES

28. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION STEAM ENGINE ENERGY FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

29. THE NEED FOR ENERGY EARLY FACTORIES RELIED ON HORSES, OXENS, AND WATER MILLS STEAM ENGINE EVOLVED IN RESPONSE TO THE INCREASING NEED FOR POWER

30. HOW THE STEAM ENGINE WORKS STEAM FORCED FROM HIGH TO LOW PRESSURE PRODUCES POWER

31. EFFECT OF STEAM ENGINE STEAM POWER, USED WHERE EVER COAL EXISTED, INCREASED TEXTILE PRODUCTION IMPROVED MINING WHICH INCREASED METALS WHICH IN TURN FUELED OTHER INDUSTRIES

32. THE NEED FOR IRON FARMING TOOLS, NEW FACTORY MACHINERY, RAILWAYS SMELTING MAKES IRON MORE PURE, BUT REQUIRES CARBON - -THIS MAKES STEEL

33. THE NEED FOR COAL CARBON NECESSARY FOR SMELTING IRON STEAM ENGINES POWERED BY COAL

34. EFFECT OF IRON AND COAL BRITIAN PRODUCED MORE IRON THAN ALL OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD COMBINED COAL POWERED BRITIAN’S ENOROMOUS NAVY

35. THE NEED FOR BETTER TRANSPORTATION INCREASED PRODUCTION INCREASED NEED TO TRANSPORT GOODS QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY USED HORSES, MULES, AND DIRT ROADS

36. INVENTIONS STONE AND EVENTUALLY ASPHALT ROADS CANALS RAILROAD ERA USHERED IN WITH THE ROCKET IN 1829

37. EFFECTS OF RAILROADS EXPANDED RAPIDLY THROUGHOUT BRITIAN CHEAPER TRANSPORTATION INCREASED PRODUCTION AND PROFITS

38. ANOTHER EFFECT RAILWAYS FUELED OTHER INDUSTRIES: COAL, STEAM ENGINE, IRON, STEEL, AND MANY MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

39. WHY BRITIAN LED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

40. GEOGRAPHY CILMATE GOOD FOR TEXTILE PRODUCTION PLENTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS IRON AND COAL SEPARATION FROM THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT KEPT THEM OUT OF THE WARS

41. GOVERNMENT INTERNAL TRADE ENCOURAGED POPULATION ALLOWED TO RELOCATE HELPED BUILD CANALS AND ROADS

42. SOCIAL FACTORS BRITISH SOCIETY LESS RIGID THAN OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

43. COLONIAL EMPIRE SUPPLIED RAW MATERIALS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS PROVIDED MARKET FOR GOODS

44. ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALIZING FIRST NO OTHER COUNTRIES COMPETING FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS MONOPOLY ON TECHNOLOGY

45. EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

46. URBANIZATION--CITY BUILDING AND MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE TO CITIES CITIES BECAME CROWDED PEOPLE LIVED IN SLUMS WHERE DISEASE AND DIRTINESS WERE A PERSON IN THE CITY LIVED TO 17 YEARS OLD EFFECTS IN THE CITY

47. AIR POLLUTION STARTED FROM THE SMOKE FROM FACTORIES. MANY NEW CITIES DEVELOPED AROUND FACTORIES AND COAL MINES. CRIME WAS VERY BAD FROM THE CITIES BEING OVERCROWDED.

48. WORKING CONDITIONS THE AVERAGE WORKER SPENT 14 HOURS A DAY, 6 DAYS A WEEK. MANY WORKERS WERE KILLED OR SERIOUSLY INJURED IN ACCIDENTS. CHILDREN WERE FORCED TO DO HARD LABOR. PG. 262 WORKERS OVERWORKED AND UNDERPAID.

49. SOCIAL CLASSES THE MIDDLE CLASS GREW--FACTORY OWNERS, SHIPPERS, AND MERCHANTS WEALTHY LANDOWNERS RESENTED MIDDLE CLASS

50. POSITIVE EFFECTS IT CREATED JOBS FOR PEOPLE. IT CREATED WEALTH FOR COUNTRIES. IT ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. IT INCREASED PRODUCTION OF GOODS. IT BROUGHT HOPE TO PEOPLE.

51. IT CREATED A BETTER LIFE FOR MANY PEOPLE--BETTER DIETS, BETTER HOUSING AND BETTER CLOTHING AT LOWER PRICES. UNIONS WERE CREATED TO HELP WORKERS GET BETTER PAY, SHORTER HOURS, AND BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS.

52. MORE POSITIVE EFFECTS OUR LIVES ARE MUCH EASIER TODAY DUE TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

53. Imperialism Overview of Imperialism

54. Imperialism is empire building. Expansion occurs when one state is more powerful than are the obstacles to expansion.

55. The obstacles may be other states or peoples, or they may be geographic or physical or technological obstacles.

56. The central core of the empire may be a nation-state, or in ancient times, a city-state or a tribe.

57. European civilization experienced a period of unprecedented rapid expansion around the globe during the last third of the nineteenth century.

58. European nation-states had become very powerful because of industrialization and because of the organizational efficiency of the nation-state.

59. European global expansion had actually begun in the fifteenth century, but the process greatly accelerated in the nineteenth century.

60. Latin America and the seaports of Asia and Africa were the first to be colonized by Europeans. Native Americans were liquidated or thoroughly subjugated to European rule.

61. England was the leading European colonial power and had already established much of its overseas empire by the beginning of the 19th century.

62. France was second, with its holdings in Southeast Asia and in North Africa, both of these being established during the 19th century.

63. Portugal, Spain and Holland retained some colonies because they had been the earliest colonial powers, and still retained some of them in the 19th century.

64. Germany and Italy were late arrivals on the colonial scene because they had only unified themselves in the 1860's.

65. The United States became a colonial power at the end of the 19th century, after having spent the century moving across the North American continent to the Pacific Ocean.

66. Changing the World Economy With the rise of imperialism, the Western countries' search for markets and raw materials intensified and there was a dramatic increase in trade: Western manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials.

67. The new volume of economic exchange intensified the disparity between other civilizations and the West, which was able to claim huge chunks of land in a surge of imperialism.

68. The Reasons for Imperialism: By the end of the nineteenth century, Western nations had incorporated most of the world into their empires.

69. Improved communications, military technology, and medical advances enabled Europeans to contact and conquer large parts of the globe.

70. Political rivalries and a desire to secure markets and raw materials, "civilize" non-Western populations, and find an outlet for social tensions motivated Western countries to participate in the imperialist scramble.

71. By the late 1800's Britain was losing its lead in the economic world. Competition was increasing among other emerging economic powers.

72. Developing countries such as the United States and Germany were taking a valuable market share away from Britain.

73. How would Britain keep up in this quickly changing world?

74. Many felt that the answer rested in imperialism or the practice of gaining colonies for economic, political, or militaristic benefit.

75. Britain used its colonies for new markets and resources.

76. Soon countries such as France, Japan, and the United States began to gain colonies of their own.

77. Colonies became a source of pride as well as economic benefit.

78. Europeans felt that they had an obligation to bring their "superior" culture to their colonies.

79. Missionaries went to colonies in Africa and Asia to introduce their religion to the natives.

80. People were fascinated by the stories of adventurers such as David Livingstone and Henry Stanley and motivated by the writings of Rudyard Kipling.

81. One of the first targets of imperialism was Africa.

82. Countries in Africa were usually NOT advanced, powerful, or organized enough to stop a European army.

83. The "scramble for Africa" began when Henry Stanley claimed the Congo River Valley for Belgium.

84. France then claimed Algeria and built the Suez Canal.

85. Britain took Egypt in order to have control of the Suez Canal, which was crucial to their shipping routes.

86. Britain and Egypt then took control of Sudan.

87. France began to colonize Tunisia and Morocco.

88. Britain fought a war with and defeated the Boers in order to gain control of the resource rich Southern Africa. Italy took Libya.

89. Cecil Rhodes became rich from the Kimberly diamond fields, which produced 90% of the world's diamonds at the time.

90. By the early 1900's most of Africa was taken by European colonists.

91. Like Africa, South Asia was also soon dominated by colonists.

92. India was deemed "The Jewel in the Crown" by Britain. It supplied many valuable spices and raw materials.

93. Conflict grew in China, which stubbornly refused access to foreigners.

94. However, Britain made a large profit by smuggling addictive opium into China, which sparked the "opium wars" that China lost.

95. Japan, on the other hand, freely accepted European and American influence, which they took advantage of rather than rejected.

96. This policy would help lead to Japan's success in the future.

97. Interests in the Pacific Islands grew, as countries needed naval bases to refuel and restock ships passing through the area.

98. Britain controlled Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and the Southern Solomon's.

99. Germany controlled the Northern Solomon's, France controlled Tahiti, and the United States made Hawaii a US state.

100. Although Latin and South America were not generally colonized by other countries, many of their economies were dominated by the United States and Europe.

101. The United States built the Panama Canal which raised the US's interests in the area.

102. Imperialism would slowly dissolve as colonies gained nationalism and demanded independence, colonies became too expensive to maintain, and public feeling was against imperialism.

103. Factors leading to WWI: Late 19 th Century Nationalism – Feeling of strong pride for one’s country. Created rivalry between European nations. Imperialism – Countries fought for control of overseas territories. Militarism – Glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war was the goal of several European nations.

104. The Forming of Alliances: Early 20 th Century Countries soon felt threatened by one another and sought to protect themselves by forming alliances. The Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy The Triple Entente – Britain, France, and Russia

105. The Trigger of War: Spring 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian national. The young country of Serbia had been promised protection by Russia. Austria-Hungary demanded German support in a war on Serbia, and Russia readied to defend it’s ally. War was declared by Austria-Hungary on Serbia on July 28 th, 1914

107. European Nations take sides: Summer 1914 War is declared by everyone. By August 1914, sides were taken in the first World War The Central Powers – Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Italy decided not to fight with it’s allies) The Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy, United States, Belgium, and Serbia

108. Fighting a World War Many thought it would be a short war, no preparation was taken for winter. The Central Powers tried to move quickly, but were pushed back by the Allies outside of Paris. Russians pushed on Germany and Austria- Hungary from the east. The Central Powers found themselves fighting a “two-front” war, a Western Front and an Eastern Front

110. New Techniques of Warfare New weapons such as the machine gun, poison gas, and the tank made this war look like no other. Trenches were dug to protect soldiers from these terrible new weapons. A No man’s land was created between trenches of enemy countries. Little land was won or lost during this trench warfare.

111. Clockwise from upper left: German zeppelin, French soldier fitting gas mask, German tank, water cooled machine gun, English field gun shell

112. The United States gets closer to entering the war America tried to stay neutral throughout the first years of the war. By 1917, war had shifted to the seas. Germany used a new weapon called the U-boat to attack it’s enemies supply ships. In January 1917, Germany announced it would attack any ship in the waters around Britain. A British passenger ship called the Lusitania was sunk, which was carrying 128 U.S. citizens.

113. German propaganda showing the sinking of the Lusitania

114. The Last Straw The Zimmerman telegram was intercepted by Great Britain on it’s way from Germany to Mexico. In it, Germany promised Mexico U.S. land if Mexico entered the war on the side of the Central powers. Americans were outraged. The U.S. declared war on Germany and it’s allies on April 2 nd, 1917.

115. A Short Road Lies Ahead With the U.S. on the side of the Allies, the Central powers stood little chance of winning. Even when Russia pulled out because of a revolution at home, Germany and it’s allies could not stop the fresh American troops. The Armistice to end World War I was signed on November 11 th, 1918.

116. A Flawed Peace The conditions of surrender were decided by 27 European nations who met in Paris. Most of the decision making was done by the Big Four, representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy, and The United States The U.S. wanted to treat Germany decently, but Britain and France wanted revenge. While America wanted to see Germany rebuild, others wanted to turn it into “a grand field of potatoes”.

117. America's Woodrow Wilson, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and David Lloyd George of Great Britain: The Big Four

118. Wilson’s pitch to Congress President Wilson had a plan for post-war Europe called the Fourteen Points. Five main ideas were central to the plan working. 1) Self-Determination: people decided under which government they wanted to live 2) A fair peace: no country should be punished for it’s role in the war.

119. 3) Disarmament: reducing armies and navies in Europe to prevent this from happening again. 4) Fair treatment of colonies: independence for colonies that didn’t want to be under foreign rule 5) A League of Nations: this international organization would settle disputes and act as an international police force.

120. The Treaty of Versailles Britain and France didn’t like the U.S. plan, and The Treaty of Versailles was adopted instead. The treaty punished Germany and left many unresolved problems for future generations to work out. Central to the treaty were these main ideas:

121. 1) Germany had to admit guilt for starting the war and pay $33 billion in reparations. 2) Millions of acres in land was taken from Germany and it’s colonies were taken away and given to other countries. 3) The League of Nations was formed, but Germany and Russia were excluded.

122. A Peace Built on Quicksand The Treaty of Versailles did not insure peace. The United States didn’t join the League of Nations. Many Americans didn’t want to be involved in European affairs. The League of Nations had no way to enforce peace around the world. All it could do was threaten and coerce.

123. Bitterness and hatred brewed in Germany because of the way it was treated. Other countries felt cheated with the outcome of the war. Italy and Japan, for example, joined the war to gain more territory, which they had not. Militarist and Imperialistic ideas survived, ensuring future unrest.

124. The Legacy of the War 8.5 million dead. 21 million wounded. The war cost $338 billion. An unheard of sum at the time. Germany was humiliated, Japan felt cheated …. would we ever hear from them again?

125. The Russian Revolution and the Rise of Totalitarianism

126. Setting the Stage The Czars –Russia is a large country with very centralized rule –The Czars (Emperors) of Russia had almost complete control over the lives of the Russian people and were often unfair and harsh Revolts –Army (1825), peasants, students (1881) all revolt against the powerful Czars

127. Alexander III, page 1 “autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality” –Anyone who questioned the absolute authority of the Czar or worshipped outside the Russian orthodox Church, or spoke a language other than Russian was considered dangerous –Harsh measures to wipe out revolutionaries: Censorship, Secret police watch schools and universities, teachers report on students, Political prisoners exiled to Siberia

128. Alex III, page 2 Established a uniform Russian culture –Oppression of other national groups within Russia –Russian made the official language, can’t use other languages –Jews were a target: laws encouraged prejudice Can’t buy land, live among other Russians, quotas at universities, pogroms (organized violence) against Jews

129. Nicholas II, the last Czar Nicholas II wanted to be as tough and strong a Czar as his father had been and refused to surrender any of his power, despite the changes sweeping through Russia and the rest of the world He refused to see the changing conditions in Russia and adapt to them

130. Changes during Nick’s Reign Economic Growth and its Impact –Number of factories doubles between 1863 and 1900 but Russia is still behind Western Europe –Minister Witte starts a program to move Russia forward: Higher taxes and foreign investments pay for the growth of industry, particularly steel Built the Trans-Siberian Railway to connect Western and Eastern Russia

131. Changes, con’t Revolutionary Movement Grows –Industrialization brought new problems like poor working conditions, low wages, and child labor so workers were very unhappy –Result: growth in revolutionary movements Biggest: the BOLSHEVIKS, a group that believed in Marx’s ideas, led by Lenin

132. Wars and Revolts, page 1 Russo-Japanese War –Russia loses badly to Japan in a war over territory Bloody Sunday –Began as a peaceful march to ask for better working conditions and political rights, ended when the Czar’s soldiers fired into the unarmed crowd –Starts a series of strikes and violence, ending when Nicholas agrees to the creation of a legislative body, the Duma (has no real power)

133. Wars and Revolts, page 2 WWI –Russia enters on the side of the Allies to protect Serbia –Russia unable to adequately prepare its soldiers or to equip them - not industrialized enough –Nicholas goes to the front, leaving his wife and her spiritual advisor, Rasputin, in charge of the country, who quickly angers the people, resulting in his assassination

134. Wars and Revolts, page 3 The March Revolution –Begins with a strike in Petrograd, leads to riots over food shortages, soon the army joins the workers –People force Nicholas to abdicate and later he and his family are executed –Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky, set up to rule Russia without the Czar, they have problems as well

135. Wars and Revolts, page 4 The Bolshevik Revolution –Lenin and his group seize control of the Petrograd Soviet (a soviet is a local council) and promised Peace, Land, and Bread for the people if they would support him –Nov. 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government and institute a Marxist (Communist) regime

136. Lenin and the Bolsheviks, page 1 To combat problems, Lenin: –Gives farmland to the peasants –Gives the factories to the workers –Ends Russian involvement in WWI by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and giving up a chunk of territory to the Germans

137. Lenin and the Bolsheviks, page2 Civil War 1918-1920 –Bolsheviks (Red Army) v. Opponents (White Army), the West supports the whites –15 million die in war and famine that follow, leaving Russia in chaos –Red Army wins and crushes all opposition to the Bolsheviks, but Lenin still faces problems

138. Order Restored, page 1 Lenin has to revive the economy and assert control to keep the Bolsheviks in power New Economic Policy: government maintains control of major industries, but there is some small-scale private ownership, and peasants could sell surplus crops instead of turning them over to the government.

139. Order Restored, page 2 Political reforms –Russia organized into 15 self-governing republics, each of which was controlled from the capital in Moscow –Bolsheviks rename selves Communists and hold all the power –Lenin’s death in 1924 leads to a power struggle for control between Stalin and Trotsky, Stalin will win

140. Totalitarianism

141. Totalitarianism defined A totalitarian government is a government that has total, complete control over all aspects of its citizens lives, both public and private People accept totalitarian governments because they provide a sense of security and give direction for the future. Totalitarian governments retain control through the use of secret police forces and the use of terror.

142. Features of Totalitarianism Government has complete, centralized control of everything in the lives of the citizens Try to get people to conform to the government’s vision or belief system Unquestioning, uncritical support of the people Dynamic, charismatic leader whom the people worship

143. Taking and Keeping Control Propaganda gave people biased or incomplete information that encouraged them to support the regime Mass Media was used to broadcast ideology and strengthen the regime’s hold on the minds of the people Students were indoctrinated (educated) in the government ideology from a young age and knew no differently Only art and literature that supported the regime were allowed

144. Example: USSR under Stalin Stalin was very ambitious, power hungry, and ruthless - by 1929, he had removed all people who stood in his way and become dictator and sole ruler of the USSR –Goal is to make the USSR the strongest nation in the world economically, industrially, and militarily

145. USSR under Stalin, page 2 Economics: –Built a command economy where government made all economic decisions –Five-Year Plans set quotas and goals for industrializing the USSR, people produced steel, coal, oil, and electricity at the expense of consumer goods –Government controlled every aspect of a worker’s life (hours, jobs, salaries)

146. USSR under Stalin, page 3 Agriculture –Privately owned farms were seized by the government and turned into collective farms owned by the government –Hundreds of families worked here, producing food for the state –Much resistance to collectivization

147. Example: Nazi Germany Nazis are fascists, not communist Economy is based on a limited capitalist model, most production is controlled by the state Nazis gain and keep control through police power, mass rallies to encourage support, fulfillment of economic promises, and acceptance of their doctrine of racial superiority

148. World War II Causes and Consequences

149. Rise of Fascism After WWI, many European nations suffered from bankrupt economies. They also had new governments that were trying to rebuild the war-torn countries. In most cases, these governments failed to provide strong leadership and improvements for their countries. As a result, people turned to charismatic leaders that promised to improve their lives.

150. Fascism continued The focus of these leaders was to build a strong military state in which the people were loyal to their country and leader. This movement was known as Fascism

151. Benito Mussolini (“IL Duce” = the leader) Politician who promised to rebuild Italy. Founds the Fascist Party Seizes control of the government and places all power in his hands. Uses military force to expand Italy’s territory.

152. Adolf Hitler “der Fuhrer = the leader” Militaristic leader of the Nazi party. After Germany was defeated in WWI, the allies sought to punish Germany for the war. The Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany: –must pay for damages of WWI. –must take the blame for causing the war. –could not have a large military.

153. Hitler Cont. Hitler used the German people’s hatred for the treaty to gain control of the country. He promised to restore Germany to greatness. Hitler preached that the German people (Aryans) were the supreme race, destined to rule the world. He blamed the Jews and other minority groups for the problems Germany was facing.

154. Military control in Japan During the 1920s, Japan experienced democratic reforms in its government. When the Great Depression hit, Japan’s economy suffered greatly. The people blamed the new government. While the Emperor,Hirohito, remained the head of the government, people turned to military leaders for direction. These military leaders looked to solve their problems by expanding into China.

155. The Axis Powers Invade A series of invasion took place throughout the 1930s. 1931- Japan invaded Manchuria and the eastern coast of China. 1935- Italy invades Ethiopia in Africa. 1936- Hitler invades the Rhineland, a buffer-zone created to separate France and Germany. Seeing that their countries shared a common vision, German, Italy and Japan form an alliance known as the Axis Powers.

156. Appeasement Policy As Japan, Italy, and Germany began their invasions, the leaders of these countries looked for a response from the League of Nations (similar to the current day UN, headed by Great Britain and France). While the League condemned the actions of these countries, they took no formal actions in response to the invasions. In order to prevent the outbreak of war, the League basically overlooked the actions. This is known as the policy of Appeasement

157. Appeasement Cont. Seeing that the League was not taking any action, Hitler decided to press on. In March 1938, he ordered his troops into Austria and annexed it. Great Britain and France did nothing. Sept. 1938- Hitler than makes a move on the northern part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland. This time, France and Great Britain begin to prepare for war.

158. U.S. Neutrality As the possibility of another major war in Europe approached, America needed to consider its position in these events. Many Americans felt that the U.S. was hurt by its involvement in WWI. This lead the U.S. to take on a policy of Isolationism. This meant that the U.S. would not get involved in the war. 1935-Congress passed the Neutrality Acts which made it illegal for the U.S. to sell weapons and supplies to countries involved in the war.

159. The Munich Conference- Sept. 1938 In order to prevent war, Germany, Italy, France, and G.B. will meet in Munich, Germany to discuss the Sudetenland. Hitler promises not to invade Czechoslovakia if he is given the Sudetenland G.B.’s Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, once again gives into Germany in order to prevent war. 6 months later… Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia.

160. The Nonaggression Pact - 1939 Hitler’s next target was Poland, and then Russia. In order to prevent an invasion of Russia, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler. The pact said that the two countries would not attack each other. They also agreed to split Poland between the two countries.

161. Hitler’s Lightning War The nonaggression pact assured Hitler that their would be no Soviet opposition if he invaded Poland. On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland with a devastating new type of warfare called the blitzkrieg. The blitzkrieg was a 3 phase attack: –1 st German planes bombed the area –2 nd German tanks carried out a ground attack –3 rd German trucks carried 1.5 million footsoldiers to sweep the area In a matter of weeks, Poland fell to German forces G.B. and France declared war on Germany

162. The Phony War After Poland fell, G.B. and France waited for Hitler’s next attack, but none came. For seven months after war had been declared, Germany made no attacks. This is referred to as the phony war The phony war ended on April 9,1940, when Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway.

163. France Falls Hitler would take over Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg before launching an attack on France. May 26, 1940- German launches the blitzkrieg against France. Italy will enter the war by attacking France from the south. June 22, 1940- About 3 weeks after the attacks begin, France surrenders Hitler will turn his attention to Great Britain

164. The Battle of Britain In the summer of 1940, G.B. was now alone in the war against Germany. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill declared that G.B. would “never surrender.” British forces held back German attacks for almost a year. Hitler decided to turn his attention to weaker nations. The Battle of Britain ended on May 10, 1940.

165. Germany invades the Soviet Union After withdrawing from Great Britain, Hitler seized control of the Balkan and Mediterranean territories of Europe. He then turned his attention toward Russia. On June 22, 1941, Hitler broke the nonaggression pact he had made with Stalin, and launched the blitzkrieg on the Soviet Union. Hitler successfully pushed his way towards the capital city of Moscow. However, the harsh Russian winter prevented Hitler from seizing control of Moscow.

166. U.S. Aids the Allies As the Axis Powers grew in power, President Roosevelt knew that the U.S. had to help the allies in some way. He convinced Congress to allow the Allies to buy weapons and supplies from the U.S. 1941- Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, allowing for this trade, and bringing the U.S. one step closer to entering the war

167. Pearl Harbor As the U.S. supplied G.B. with weapons, it also looked to protect U.S. interests in the Pacific Japan had expanded throughout this region The U.S. sent supplies to China, to help with the threat of Japanese expansion. In 1941, Roosevelt also cut off shipments of oil to Japan. Fearing that it was only a matter of time before the U.S. joined the war, Japan planned to strike first.

168. Cont. The surprise attack was launched on the morning of Dec. 7, 1941. Japanese planes flew over the Hawaiian island of Oahu, in route to Pearl Harbor, the location of the U.S. Navy’s Pacific fleet. Within 2 hours, the Japanese had successfully destroyed most of fleet. Roosevelt described this as “a date which will live in infamy.” The next day, Congress declared war, ending U.S. neutrality.

169. Japanese American Internment As a direct result of Japan’s attack, American citizens of Japanese descent experienced a wave of prejudice. Japanese Americans were viewed as a possible threat to the nations security. Roosevelt called for an executive order that required Japanese Americans to report to relocation centers. From there, they would be moved to military controlled areas known as internment camps. Even though they were American citizens, Japanese Americans had their rights stripped of them, as they lived in these camps for 4 years.

170. The Holocaust As Hitler took control of Germany, he began executing a plan to “purify” Germany of inferior races. He focused his efforts on Jewish people. He passed laws restricting their rights, and boycotting their businesses. He isolated Jews from the rest of the population by moving them into ghettos. He then moved them into concentration camps throughout Europe. The last step, known as the “Final Solution”, called for the extermination of all Jews (genocide) This mass murder was carried out in death camps like Auschwitz, in which Jews were executed in gas chambers

171. Allied Victories Over the course of the next few years, the Allies began mounting several victories against the Axis Powers. In July 1943, allied forces captured the Italian island of Sicily. This ended Mussolini’s reign. Italy surrendered. An attempt was made by Germany to recapture Northern Italy, and return it to Mussolini. However, the Allies secured control of Italy in June 1945.

172. Continued… Next, the Allies began planning a major assault against German forces. The attack was set to take place June 6,1944 This is was referred to as D- Day( designated) British, American and French troops, led by General Eisenhower, landed on the French coast of Normandy. Allied forces were victorious in pushing back the Germans.

173. Allied Victories cont. The next major victory came in Dec. 1944. In the Battle of the Bulge, allied forces severely weakened Hitler’s forces as they continued to push back the Germans. Over the next few months the allies would surround Hitler and his forces in Berlin. Refusing to be captured, Hitler shot himself. On May 7, 1956, Germany surrendered unconditionally to Allied forces.

174. The Atomic Bomb With Germany out of the war, the Allies focused their attention on Japan. The allies had secured victories against the Japanese at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and at Iwo Jima, eliminating Japan’s Navy. As Japan became more desperate, they resorted to using Kamikaze (suicide pilots), who would crash their planes into Allied ships. It became clear that the Japanese were not ready to surrender.

175. Continued… In an effort to end the war, President Truman authorized the use of America’s greatest weapon, the Atomic bomb. Aug.6, 1945 – U.S. drops the 1 st A- bomb on Hiroshima, killing 73,000 people. After receiving no reply from Japan, a 2 nd A-bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 35,000 people. On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered, ending WWII.

176. Results of the War By the end of the war, Europe and Japan were in ruins. Nearly 60 million people had died. European nations faced billions of dollars worth of damage. Rebuilding the war-torn European countryside would bring up new problems for the world to face as the U.S. and the U.S.S.R became the 2 major world leaders.

177. THE COLD WAR 1945-1989

178. COLD WAR Defined as the period (1945-1989) of tense, sometimes very tense, relations between the 2 post World War 2 Superpowers: The U.S. and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). These 2 powers never fought one another directly, but the threat of a war was never too far away. Another war would be Armageddon for the World.

179. MAJOR PEOPLE, TERMS, EVENTS OF THE COLD WAR The Big 3: At the end of and just Following WW 2, the U.S., Britain and The Soviet Union, and their respective leaders. U.S. = FDR(Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman) Britain = Winston Churchill USSR = Joseph Stalin United Nations: Created for the post ww2 world as a way for countries of the world to try to keep world peace. Iron Curtain: Phrase coined by Winston Churchill that described the separation of the communist countries of eastern Europe and the USSR and the democracies of western Europe and the U.S.

180. Truman Doctrine : President Harry Truman proposes a “containment” policy which pledges American aid to any foreign country that wants to resist communism. In this way Truman and the U.S. attempt to contain communism from spreading beyond USSR and eastern Europe. Marshall Plan: So called because U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall organized a call for American aid to restore the economies and political stability of European countries, so they would not fall under the rule of communism. McCarthyism: Named after power hungry Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy who claimed he had a list of 200 communists within the U.S. government.No list was ever produced. This accusation Created fear and mistrust within American society, and led to further fears of USSR.

181. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 12 “western” nations declare a united treaty amongst themselves promising to defend one and all if any are attacked by communist or outside forces. (nations involved include:U.S.Britain, Canada, and France, among others) WARSAW PACT: a response by communist nations to the NATO treaty. “Eastern” European countries and the USSR pledged to defend one another much the same as NATO countries would. Berlin: capital of Germany.( Germany itself was divided into communist East and Democratic West ) Located in the middle of East Germany. Captured by allied forces during WW 2 and divided in ½ between the allies (U.S., Britain, France) in the western portion of Berlin and the Soviets holding the eastern portion of Berlin

182. Berlin Blockade: The Soviets try to get the “western” countries to “quit” Berlin by blockading roads leading into West Berlin and cutting off all supplies. Berlin Airlift: for 11 months, planes drop supplies, from candy to cars, to the people and western allies in West Berlin, thus keeping allied presence in Berlin. The airlift is a success. People’s Republic of China: 1949 Mao Zedong and the communists wins a power struggle with Chiang Kai Shek and his democratic nationalists, and creates a communist government within China. USSR recognizes this new government, the U.S. does not. Taiwan: The defeated nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek flee to the island of Taiwan. The U.S. recognizes Taiwan as the “true China”, not the People’s Republic.

183. “Hot Wars” during the Cold War 1950-53-Korean War: North Korea (backed by weapons/aid from USSR invade the South (backed by the U.S.) Many Americans lose their lives in this war, which ends in a draw and the division of Korea at the 38 th parallel. 1956-Hungary: Citizens of Hungary, many students, attempt to overthrow Soviet power within their country. The results are disastrous, thousands are killed by the Soviet Army intent on maintaining control. The world is made aware of the unrest within countries under communist control. 1959-Cuba: Fidel Castro and revolutionaries overthrow the dictator of Cuba, Batista. The U.S. refuses to recognize the new government, but the soviets do. Cuba becomes communistic and has remained so to this day.

184. 1954-1975-Vietnam: U.S. enters Vietnam as “advisors” to the French. The French leave and we stay, leading to a war that was as divisive as the Civil War of 1860- 65. Basic reason for fighting was Containment.

185. The Domino Theory Attributed to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, this was the theory that if the U.S. and other western powers allowed communism to exist in any country, that the countries surrounding may also “fall” to communism, much like a row of dominos would fall when the first one is knocked over.

186. Events that further separated the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Sputnik Nuclear Weapons ICBM’s Berlin Wall built (1961) U-2 spy plane incident Bay of Pigs invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Arab-Israeli conflicts

187. Sputnik: In 1957 the Soviet Union launch the first man made satellite into space. The U. S. is terrified, and we respond by… 1)Why can the Russians do this and we can’t? 2)The Russians can now spy on us from space. We are at a disadvantage if we ever go to war with them. 3)We begin our own space program with NASA (national aeronautics and space administration) The Space Race is now on. Defined as a race to explore and control as much of space as either side could. The”race” ends when the U.S. lands on the moon, 1969.

188. Nuclear Weapons: both the U.S. and the USSR make thousands of atomic and hydrogen bombs, leading to the Arms Race where each country believes that without having more nuclear bombs than the other country, they will be behind, an “insane” approach that led to more and more nuclear weapons being built. ICBM’s: Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles. These are missiles that can be launched from one country and, with great accuracy, hit targets thousands of miles away. Berlin Wall was built (1961) to keep the people of communist East Berlin from defecting to democratic West Berlin, torn down (1989).

189. U-2 Spy Plane incident (1960) A U.S. spy plane was shot down over the USSR, 1,000 miles into their country. The U.S. lied and said it was a weather plane. Unfortunately the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was alive and his spy plane was captured. The U.S. had a “red face” and it was now understood that it was not only the USSR that was spying, but we also were not innocent in the cold war period. Bay of Pigs invasion (1961): Fiasco under President John Kennedy, where the U.S. used Cuban exiles to try to assassinate Cuban president Fidel Castro. A dismal failure. U.S. is “red faced” again. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): The closest the world has come to a nuclear war. USSR placed, and was placing missiles in Cuba, when spotted by U.S. planes. U.S. blockaded Cuba, and refused to let ships in without being searched. Soviet premier Krushev and U.S. president Kennedy finally come to an agreement after 13 days. Missiles are removed.

190. Arab-Israeli conflicts: 1948, the United Nations divides the state of Palestine, ½ for Arabs, ½ for Jews. This was done to settle dispute over ownership of the land of ancient Israel, which in 1948 had come to be called Palestine. Since the division of Palestine the Arabs and Jews have had several wars: the Six day War, Yom Kippur war, etc. In all cases the U.S. has backed the Jews/Israel, and the USSR have backed the Arab countries. Both super powers have provided money and weapons to the respective countries. Problems exist to this day within present day Israel (formerly known as Palestine)