1. Media Access Protocols Organizational Communications and Technologies Prithvi N. Rao H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management Carnegie Mellon University

2. Readings High Speed and Wireless LANs(Stallings and van Slyke) Chapters 4, 7, 9

3. Objectives Be familiar with the IEEE LAN standards Recognize various methods of media access Discuss token passing media access method Describe broadcast media access Recognize how information moves between protocol layers

4. LAN Communication Protocols Required to define how workstations on LAN interact Protocols specify rules for successful data movement Communication protocols define media access methods, addressing and routing information Data link to network and transport layers IEEE developed protocols for LAN Equipment and software

5. LAN Communication Protocols Committee formed in 1980 IEEE 802 LAN specificaiton

6. LAN Communication Protocols 802.1 802.2 802.3 802.4 802.5 802.6 802.7 802.8 Defines reference model, internetworking, etc. Defines Link Control Information Defines CSMA/CD Defines Token Passing Bus access method Defines Token Passing Ring access method Defines Metropolitan Area Networks Broadband Technology Advisory Group Optical Fiber Technology Group

7. Media Access Methods Three methods of media access are: Token passing or the ticket system Broadcast Polling Each is intended to gain access to the media Fundamentally there is a message exchange

8. Media Access Methods: Token Passing Deterministic access method Node may only transmit when it has token Token is generated and travels throughout network Each node gets chance to transmit Node waiting to transmit grabs token and transmits Token is passed to next node if nothing to transmit Node seizing token changes token bit Expands token to add frame to the end Token is transmitted over network to hardware of destination node

9. Media Access Methods: Token Passing Destination node does not remove the frame Copies the token Token circles (with data) till it reaches source Source reconstructs token with new data frame Token is released with available bit set to available status Token Ring Summary Specification developed and supported by IBM Data rate is 4 or 16 Mbits per second Uses shielded or unshielded twisted pair Built in by-pass capability and a max of 260 stations on ring

10. Media Access Protocols: Token Passing Active Monitor node1 node3 node2 node4 Token Ring token Active Monitor Standby monitor Standby monitor Standby monitor

11. Media Access Methods: Token Passing All nodes are one of two types Active monitor – responsible for the high integrity of the token Standby monitors – waiting to become an active monitor Active monitor is in charge of token Releases token and manages token passing protocol Active monitor is first station on the ring Standby monitors bid to become active monitors by sending a claim token command Node with highest hardware address becomes new active monitor

12. Ring Token Format Two formats Ring token Ring or data frame Ring token or empty frame controls access to ring Three byte packet Start delimiter (sd), access control (ac), ending delimiter (ed) Senders expand ring token by setting token bit in control byte and adding fields onto frame

13. Ring Token Format SDACED One Byte

14. Ring Data Frame Format Expanded version of Ring Token with token bit set in access control field and data appended onto end of ring token AC field is modified with token bit set to 1 indicating that it is a frame SD, AC and ED are all present Frame control (FC) field determines type of Frame Media Control (MC) ring data or Logical Link Control (LLC) user data

15. Ring Data Frame Format Address fields contain six byte source Contains destination hardware or MAC addresses of transmitting and receiving nodes Route information field contains ring or bridge number Data field length determined by token holding timer Longer timer means more data can be carried in data field before it expires 4 k for 4 mega-bit-per-second (MBPS) 17.8 k for a 16MBPS

16. Ring Data Frame Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field holds a CRC validation number Frame Status (FS) field contains address recognized

17. Ring Data Frame sdacfc dasainfofcsedfs 1B 2 – 6 B Variable 4 B1B

18. Token Ring Equipment NICs and UDC connector from IBM Multi Access Units Logical ring using a physical star topology Active MAU has own power supply Passive MAU draws power from ring MAU enables construction of hub and spoke cable plant Maintain ring logically with MAU Communicate with nodes arranged in a star

19. Media Access Protocols: Broadcast CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Non-deterministic Originally designed with satellite for the media Originated from the University of Hawaii ALOHA net Used as an old naval intelligence satellite for UH campuses Listen to satellite channel for carrier Specification enhanced to add collision detection Workstations wait for arbitrary time elapse before transmit

20. CSMA/CD Uses bus topology to build multiple access channel Transfers at rate of 10 Mbits per second Uses thicknet, thinnet or unshielded twisted pair wire IEEE 802.3 Ethernet –II specification

21. CSMA/CD Implementation Ethernet DEC Intel Xerox Assigned number in the framing field excluded other vendors not part of consortium from implementing Ethernet with native upper level protocols

22. Ethernet Frame Format preamble Start delimiter Dest address Source address Type Or length Data field pad pcsed 7B1B6B 4B

23. IEEE 802.3 Specification IEEE developed specification Permitted vendors to use CSMA/CD with variety of upper level protocols Result was 802.3 specification IEEE 802.3 specification 10Base5, 10 MBPS thicknet max length 500 m per segment 10Base-2, 10 MBPS thinnet max length 185 meters 10Base-T, UTP specification, 10 MBPS

24. Ethernet Frame Format preamble Start delimiter Dest address Source address Type Or length Data field pad pcsed 7B1B6B 4B 100 B 01001500 LLC Data

25. Ethernet Frame Format Difference between Ethernet and 802.3 specification Lack of type field in 802.3 and replacement of length field Field specifies the length in data field containing the 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header LLC header specifies upper level protocol or type that created frame

26. LLC Format DSAPSSAP Control Field LLC Data DSAP – Destination Service Access Point SSAP – Source Service Access Point Control Field – Used for connection oriented service to accomplish error detection and Flow control LLC Data – Upper layer headers and application data 1 byte 1 or 2 bytes Variable length

27. Media Access Polling Token passing and broadcast media access methods rely on network to permit access to media Rules are built into the protocol Token passing is more equitable Each node has equal chance to use media Rely on bursty nature of network usage Permits access to media whenever node wishes to transmit

28. Media Access Polling Polling is combination of design of two methods Polling protocol defines central intelligent device Pre-determined order Node requesting network service accomplished when node is queried or polled Node begins to use network Node completes transmission Central device can interrupt node in favor of higher priority node

29. Media Access Polling workstation Central Unit Server Reservation or Round-robin Polling

30. Media Access Polling Polling not as popular as token passing or broadcast methods AKA round robin used in mainframe or mini-computer mullti- user networks Polling could come back into vogue High-speed multi-channel media getting popular

31. Data Link Layer Sub Layers Subdivided into two parts Media Access Control (MAC) Logical Link Control (LLC) Important to understand LLC before moving up the OSI model Key is that each layer must know what to do with data it is handed

32. Data Link Layer Sub Layers LLC sub-layer indicates service access point (sac) used to move transmission unit up to next level SAC is address of next protocol to which transmission should be sent SAC are interface between layers N + 1 and N – 1 for layer N

33. Data Link Layer Sub Layers Media Logical Link Control (LLC) Network Logical Link Control Media Access Control Physical Network Logical Link Control Media Access Control Physical

34. Service Access Points sap Physical Media Access Control Upper Layers Transport Protocols Network Protocols Logical Link Control

35. Service Access Points Modular design of OSI model enables variety of protocols to be available at each level Given layer knows about layer to send transmission using the source and destination SAP header

36. LLC LLC provides header Indicates network layer protocol to which data should be sent (3) SAP is identified to move to transport layer (4) Continues till destination is reached SAPs are called by Well Known Ports Sockets Named Pipes

37. Summary Three prevalent forms of media access Token passing Broadcast Polling Token passing defined in IEEE 802.3 Several implementations of non-deterministic Ethernet protocol Ethernet LANs provide access to the LAN on a first-come- first serve or most persistent basis

38. Summary Polling is controlled by central monitor Future LANs may benefit from this Information moves between layers of communication architecture through addressing Service access points are specific address locations that enable information to move through a layered architecture