1. Optical Center Eugene Hecht, Optics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998.

2. Tracing rays to determine the position of the image. Eugene Hecht, Optics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998.

3. Off Axis Rays Focus on the Focal Plane http://www.microscopyu.com/tutorials/java/components/perfectlens/index.html

4. Chromatic Aberrations Eugene Hecht, Optics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998.  is dependent

5. Achromatic Doublet Ingle and Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis

6. Spherical Aberrations Deviation from the paraxial approximation

7. Field Curvature Image and focal planes are actually spheres Eugene Hecht, Optics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998.

8. Comatic Aberration (Coma) Axial rays have different optical path lengths in an off-axis system.

9. Comatic Aberration (Coma) Eugene Hecht, Optics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998. Image has a comet-like tail

10. Lens Stops ApertureStopFieldStop Ingle and Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis

11. Astigmatism Rays in tangential and sagittal planes have different focal points. f t = fcos  1 f s = f / cos  1 Ingle and Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis

12. Prismswww.edmundoptics.com Right AngleEquilateralPentagonalDove

13. More Wave Guiding www.edmundoptics.com