1. Hanne Louise KNAEPEN Kyoto University, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies August 3 rd, 2011

2. Outline (1) Theoretical Background Study a. What is mainstreaming climate change adaptation (CCA)? b. How does mainstreaming CCA into ODA work concretely? c. What are the conditions for successful mainstreaming? d. How are the EU and Japan evaluated as ODA-donors in Vietnam? e. Why choosing Vietnam as an ODA-recipient country? f. Why focusing on urban adaptation in Vietnam? (2) August-September 2011: Testing the Theory in Vietnam a. Field study in Hanoi : national government-level b. Field study in Hanoi: donor-level c. Field study in Can Tho: urban-level (3) Expected Outcome of Fieldwork in Vietnam

3. 1 Theoretical Background Study based on Literature Review  a. What is mainstreaming climate change adaptation (CCA)? Mainstreaming of climate change into development cooperation is the process by which development policies and projects are (re)designed, (re)organized, and evaluated from the perspective of climate change adaptation and mitigation. Mainstreaming means that climate change is taken into account from the earliest moment of the decision-making process  e.g. building power plant Mainstreaming: involvement all social actors Mainstreaming and ODA : mainstreaming most advanced in ODA-context  Mainstreaming means using the existing amount of ODA and the know-how of ODA-agencies to handle the additional challenge of climate change. This involves ensuring that ODA activities are synergistic with climate-related goals

4. b. How does mainstreaming CCA into ODA work concretely? Macro-level mainstreaming Meso-level mainstreaming Micro-level mainstreaming Implications of climate change mitigation and adaptation for the total quantity of ODA efforts? Modifications of: - Donor ODA budget - General donor ODA priorities Implications of national mitigation and adaptation for the choice of ODA efforts in a country? Modifications of Country Strategy Papers, etc. Implications of local mitigation and adaptation needs for the design of ODA efforts? Modification of project design Degree of specification of mitigation and adaptation objectives ODA policy implementation levels Gupta, 2010 Levels of mainstreaming in ODA decision making

5. Conditions for successful mainstreaming c. What are the conditions for successful mainstreaming? Mainstreaming ensures aid effectiveness. PD alignment Indicators of Aid Effectiveness in Paris Declaration of Aid Effectiveness (2005) PD harmonization PD accountability PD ownership Ensuring tripartite (private, government and civil society) decision making Joint developed country-partner ODA policy development and accountability Developing country ownership Partnership (e.g EU-Japan partnership)

6. d. How are the EU and Japan evaluated as ODA-donors in Vietnam? Evaluation Report of the EC’s Cooperation with Vietnam (2009): […] one of the main issues is that most central ministries are fully responsible only for a limited part of the sector budgets, including NTPs. To the extent that sector budget supports NTPs, it may fail to enhance sector-wide coordination and policy making. In the area of environmental sustainability: lack of connection between policy making at central level and community-level projects. Climate change sector: good opportunity for EC to add value in Vietnam. Evaluation Report of the Implementation of the Paris Declaration (2010): Ambiguous stance towards ‘harmonization’ and ‘mutual accountability’ Japanese ODA will be implemented in accordance with Vietnamese national development plans e. Why choosing Vietnam as a ODA-recipient country? 2010, Middle-Income Country Status new area for climate-related ODA 80% of population living at risk of natural disasters National Target Plan (NTP) to Respond to Climate Change for period 2010-2020 (2008)

7. f. Why focusing on urban adaptation in Vietnam? No sufficient research on urban adaptation UN-Habitat: by 2050, 70% of world’s population in urban areas. And, 60% of growth in Asia. Medium-sized cities are growing particularly rapidly and lack the resources of larger cities to address cc challenges (ACCCRN, 2009) DONOR COUNTRY CITY

8. (2) August-September 2011: Testing the Theory in Vietnam a. Field study in Hanoi : national government-level Relevant ministries  Main barriers to development cooperation with the EU and Japan  The 2008 NTP and integration of a more climate change-oriented approach  Possible conditions for more aid effectiveness through mainstreaming

9. b. Field study in Hanoi: donor-level Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) EU Delegation in Vietnam  Main barriers to development cooperation with Vietnam.  EU’s/Japan’s understanding and implementation of “mainstreaming adaptation into ODA”  Development cooperation opportunities between the EU and Japan  Specific projects: JICA: Da Nang City Development Master Plan Study; Project for Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in the Coastal Mekong Delta in Vietnam; Support Program to Respond to CC EU: Promoting People’s Participation in Vietnamese Cities; and Urban Environmental Planning Program

10. c. Field-study in Can Tho: urban-level medium-sized city largest city Mekong River Delta primary cc hazards: sea-level rise, increased temperature, drought, and increases of monsoon rainfall Internship at Climate Change Coordination Office (Rockefeller Foundation, NISTPASS)  project to overcome policy and institutional/administrative barriers to implementation of cross-sectoral resilience planning at local level. […] the policy support will be to ensure that the local resilience planning guidelines are aligned with the requirements of the NTP. the CCCO integrates planning across sectors and spatial scales

11. (3) Expected Outcome of Fieldwork in Vietnam PROBLEMS 1Policy-making is separated among different ministries 2EU and Japan work separately in Vietnam 3ODA-projects are very sector- oriented 4NGOs have limited power/stay local (city, provincial level) SOLUTIONS 1A more integrative approach among ministries, mainly in MPI 4NGOs should climb towards national government level 3ODA-projects should be more integrative, including several sectors 2 EU-Japan should cooperate in CCA/development projects

12. Thank you very much