1. Just-In-Time Philosophy
The philosophy of JIT can be traced back to Henry Ford, but formalized JIT originated in Japan as the Toyota Production System. W. Edwards Deming’s lesson of variability reduction was a huge influence.
JIT is a long-term approach to process improvement. It uses timeliness as a lever to lower costs, improve quality and improve responsiveness. However, JIT requires enormous commitment. It took Toyota more than 25 years to get right!
The focus of JIT is to improve the system of production by eliminating all forms of WASTE.

2. Just-in-Time
Downstream processes take parts from upstream as they need.
Get what you want
when you want it
in the quantity you want.

3. 4. Just In Time-- What is It?
Just-in-Time: produce the right parts, at the right time, in the right quantity
Requires repetitive, not big volume
Batch size of one
Short transit times, keep 0.1 days of supply

4. Characteristics of Just-in-Time
Pull method of materials flow
Consistently high quality
Small lot sizes
Uniform workstation loads
Standardized components and work methods
Close supplier ties
Flexible workforce
Line flows
Automated production
Preventive maintenance
This slide builds the key characteristics of JIT as described in the text.

5. Push versus Pull
Push system: material is pushed into downstream workstations regardless of whether resources are available
Pull system: material is pulled to a workstation just as it is needed

6. From a a « push » to a « pull » System
Work is pushed to the next station as it is completed S U P L I E R C U S T O M E R

7. From a a « push » to a « pull » System
A workstation pulls output as needed S U P L I E R C U S T O M E R

8. JIT Demand-Pull Logic Vendor Fab Sub Customers
Here the customer starts the process, pulling an inventory item from Final Assembly…
JIT Demand-Pull Logic
Customers
Sub
Fab
Vendor
Final
Assembly
Then sub-assembly work is pulled forward by that demand…
The process continues throughout the entire production process and supply chain 4

9. Pull Versus Push Systems
A pull system uses signals to request production and delivery from upstream stations
Upstream stations only produce when signaled
System is used within the immediate production process and with suppliers

10. Pull Versus Push Systems
By pulling material in small lots, inventory cushions are removed, exposing problems and emphasizing continual improvement
Manufacturing cycle time is reduced
Push systems dump orders on the downstream stations regardless of the need

11. Waste in Operations Waste from overproduction Waste of waiting time
Transportation waste
Inventory waste
Processing waste
Waste of motion
Waste from product defects
Underutilization of people 6

12. Streamlined Production
Flow with JIT
Traditional Flow
Customers
Suppliers
Production Process (stream of water)
Inventory (stagnant ponds)
Material (water in stream)

13. Lowering Inventory Reduces Waste
WIP hides problems

14. Lowering Inventory Reduces Waste
WIP hides problems

15. Lowering Inventory Reduces Waste
Reducing WIP makes
problem very visible
STOP

16. Lowering Inventory Reduces Waste
Reduce WIP again to find
new problems

17. Reduce Variability Inventory level Process downtime Scrap Setup time
Late deliveries
Quality problems

18. Reduce Variability Inventory level Process downtime Scrap Setup time
Quality problems
Late deliveries

19. Causes of Variability
Employees, machines, and suppliers produce units that do not conform to standards, are late, or are not the proper quantity
Engineering drawings or specifications are inaccurate
Production personnel try to produce before drawings or specifications are complete
Customer demands are unknown

20. Variability Reduction
JIT systems require managers to reduce variability caused by both internal and external factors
Variability is any deviation from the optimum process
Inventory hides variability
Less variability results in less waste

21. Performance and WIP Level
Less WIP means products go through system faster
reducing the WIP makes you more sensitive to problems, helps you find problems faster
Stream and Rocks analogy:
Inventory (WIP) is like water in a stream
It hides the rocks
Rocks force you to keep a lot of water (WIP) in the stream

22. Reduce Lot Sizes Q1 When average order size = 200
200 –
100 –
Inventory
Time
Q1 When average order size = 200
average inventory is 100
Q2 When average order size = 100
average inventory is 50

23. Reducing Lot Sizes Increases the Number of Lots
Customer orders 10
Lot size = 5
Lot 1
Lot 2
Lot size = 2
Lot 1
Lot 2
Lot 3
Lot 4
Lot 5

24. Reduce Lot Sizes
Ideal situation is to have lot sizes of one pulled from one process to the next
Often not feasible
Can use EOQ analysis to calculate desired setup time
Two key changes
Improve material handling
Reduce setup time

25. Reduce Setup Times Initial Setup Time
90 min —
60 min —
45 min —
25 min —
15 min —
13 min — —
Step 1
Separate setup into preparation and actual setup, doing as much as possible while the machine/process is operating
(save 30 minutes)
Step 2
Move material closer and improve material handling (save 20 minutes)
Step 3
Standardize and improve tooling (save 15 minutes)
Use one-touch system to eliminate adjustments (save 10 minutes)
Step 4
Step 5
Training operators and standardizing work procedures (save 2 minutes)
Repeat cycle until subminute setup is achieved

26. Kanban Japanese for ‘signboard’ Method for implementing JIT
In order to produce, you need both material to work on, and an available kanban.
Each work station has a fixed # kanbans.

27. Kanban Worker 2 finishes a part, outbound moves over
Flow of work 2 3
Worker 2 finishes a part, outbound moves over
2 has a blue tag avaliable, so 2 gets another part to work on:
2 takes off 1’s green tag giving it back to 1, and
puts on her blue tag and moves it into position.

28. Kanban When 3 finishes a part, Finished parts move over one spot
Flow of work 2 3
When 3 finishes a part,
Finished parts move over one spot
He has to have a red tag available to put on,
He gets a part from 2’s outbound pile,
And gives the blue back to 2

29. Kanban When 3 finishes a part,
Flow of work 2 3
When 3 finishes a part,
Finished parts move over one spot
He has to have a red tag available to put on,
He gets a part from 2’s outbound pile,
And gives the blue back to 2
3’s production will be taken by 4, offstage right.
Tag goes back into 3’s bin

30. Kanban Red finishes his part next.2 3
Red finishes his part next.
But 4 hasn’t freed up any of the red kanbans, so there is nothing for 3 to work on now.
3 could maintain his machine, or see if 4 needs help 2 3

31. The Number of Cards or Containers
Need to know the lead time needed to produce a container of parts
Need to know the amount of safety stock needed
Number of kanbans =
Demand during Safety lead time + stock
Size of container

32. Number of Kanbans Example
Daily demand = 500 cakes
Production lead time = 2 days
(wait time +
material handling time +
processing time)
Safety stock = 1/2 day
Container size = 250 cakes
Demand during lead time = 2 days x 500 cakes = 1,000
Number of kanbans = = 5 1,
250

33. Example dL (1+S) 5(2)(1.1) = = = 2.75 or 3 C 4
A switch is assembled in batches of 4 units at an “upstream” work area.
delivered in a bin to a “downstream” control-panel assembly area that requires 5 switch assemblies/hour.
The switch assembly area can produce a bin of switch assemblies in 2 hours.
Safety stock = 10% of needed inventory. k
size of container
Expected demand during lead time + safety stock =
dL (1+S)
5(2)(1.1) = = =
2.75 or 3 C 4 18

34. Scheduling Small Lots A B C A C B Time JIT Level Material-Use Approach
Large-Lot Approach
Time

35. Minimizing Waste: Uniform Plant Loading
Suppose we operate a production plant that produces a single product. The schedule of production for this product could be accomplished using either of the two plant loading schedules below.
Not uniform Jan. Units Feb. Units Mar. Units Total
1,200 3,500 4,300 9,000 or
Uniform Jan. Units Feb. Units Mar. Units Total
3,000 3,000 3,000 9,000
How does the uniform loading help save labor costs? 12

36. Mixed Batch Example
Company produces three products with a mixed model assembly line.
Operates 16 hours per day for 250 days/yr.
Determine the mixed model MPS for a daily batch.
Determine minimum batch MPS and the mix schedule for a day.
Products
Forecasts (year) 1
20,000 2
10,000 3
5,000

37. Calculations #1 #2 #3 Year Forecast 20000 10000 5000 Daily Batch#1 #2 #3
Year Forecast
20000
10000
5000
Daily Batch
divide by 250 80 40 20
Hourly Batch
divide by 16 5
2.5
1.25
Minimum Batch MPS 4 2 1
For every unit of #3 (minimum batch), we need twice as many #2 and 4 times
As many #1 so for minimum batch:
Produce during each day produce #1,1,1,1,2,2,3 - repeated 20 times

38. Characteristics of JIT Partnershps
Few, nearby suppliers
Supplier just like in-house upstream process
Long-term contract agreements
Steady supply rate
Frequent deliveries in small lots
Buyer helps suppliers meet quality
Suppliers use process control charts
Buyer schedules inbound freight

39. Cellular Layout Promote flow with little WIP
Facilitate workers staffing multiple machines
U-shaped cells
Maximum visibility
Minimum walking
Flexible in number of workers
Facilitates monitoring of work entering and leaving cell
Workers can conveniently cooperate to smooth flow and address problems
Inbound Stock
Outbound Stock

40. Assignment of individual products to product families
Group Technology
An engineering and manufacturing philosophy that identifies physical similarities of parts and establishes their effective production.
Assignment of individual products to product families

41. Cellular Manufacturing
Assignment of product families to manufacturing cells

42. Group Technology (Part 1)
Note how the flow lines are going back and forth
Using Departmental Specialization for plant layout can cause a lot of unnecessary material movement
Saw
Saw
Saw
Grinder
Grinder
Heat Treat
Lathe
Lathe
Lathe
Press
Press
Press 8

43. Group Technology (Part 2)
Revising by using Group Technology Cells can reduce movement and improve product flow
Grinder 1 2
Lathe
Press
Saw
Lathe
Heat Treat
Grinder A B
Lathe
Press
Saw
Lathe 9

44. Group Technology (con’d)
A set of machines dedicated to processing one or more family
Arrange machines in a narrow U
Workers rotate among several machines

45. Group Technology (con’d)
Advantages
Reduce cycle time
Move time
Queue time
Set up time
Adjust the output rate by increasing or decreasing the number of workers in a cell
Facilitate job training
Promote job satisfaction

46. Typical Benefits of JIT
Cost savings: inventory reductions, reduced scrap, fewer defects, fewer changes due to both customers and engineering, less space, decreased labor hours, less rework.
Revenue increases: better service and quality to the customer.
Investment savings: less space, reduced inventory, increased the volume of work produced in the same facility.
Workforce improvements: more satisfied, better trained employees.
Uncovering problems: greater visibility to problems that JIT allows, if management is willing to capitalize on the opportunity to fix these problems.