1. Task and Needs Analysis Week 2 Technical Communication, DAHMEN

2. What is Task Analysis? “task analysis break down a complex task into its components—its knowledge that and knowledge how” A. Keller

3. What you want to learn from Task Analysis¹ Why someone would learn the skill Prerequisite skills, knowledge, and attitudes Special materials or tools required Warnings of dangers, either overall and at specific junctures The critical steps (no more than 5 -7) and their sequence All other steps necessary to complete the task and their sequence ¹ Keller, A. “Task Analysis”. Professional Writing 408. 17 Feb 2003. 9 September 2003.

4. What to Learn continued… How critical any given substep is Conditions that must be satisfied before going on to the next step Reasons for doing steps at a particular point Signs of success for each step (for confirmations) Signs of failure for each step Steps that require graphics or other media besides text

5. How to do a Task Analysis Remind yourself of the objective and the degree of mastery required Observe experts and take notes as they do the task. Take notes as you observe an expert achieve the objective. Slow down experts so that you can identify each step. Ask the experts to speak aloud and say  what they are doing  why they are doing it  what warning they would issue  how do they know if a step has succeeded  how do they know if a step has failed List what you learned that you did not expect to

6. Needs Assessment Matrix¹ TYPE OF INFORMATION AUDIENCE TASKS CONTENT OBSERVATIONS INTERVIEWDOCUMENTATION SOURCES OF INFORMATION Observe in work environment. Observe audience or expert performing. Observe expert or creators of product/ process. Interview audience or supervisors. Interview expert or other performers. Interview SMEs, policymakers, marketers, or managers. Review employee files or personnel records. Review job descriptions, policy statements, and trouble reports. Review product plans, specifications, and marketing guidelines. ¹ Center for Education Integrating Science, Math and Computing. Georgia Int. of Tech. July 30, 2003. Sept. 04, 2003. < http://mime1.marc.gatech.edu/MM_Tools/NAM.htmlhttp://mime1.marc.gatech.edu/MM_Tools/NAM.html

7. Approaches to Task Analysis with Product Documentation Use the product itself/computer interface as an organizational guide Seek out most common tasks and go from most frequent to infrequent Organize tasks by theme or topic or action Go from simplest to most difficult Seek out logical questions to be answered

8. Function Oriented vs. Task Oriented This button increases the volume… Vs. To adjust the volume…use this button

9. Defining the Job or Task¹ Create or identify task statements Break down larger tasks into sub tasks Identify sources of information about how these jobs are done Decide on appropriate techniques to help define job  Interview, questionnaires, observation, etc. ¹ “ Job Task Analysis”. Front-End Analysis for Human PERFORMANCE Technology DECISIONS. Manal El-Tigi. Syracuse University. 1 August 1999. 8 September 2003.

10. Describing the Job or Task Describe as a sequence of steps Flowchart of input and/or decisions Flowchart indicating different directions task can take Visual orientation of tasks Describe job via end results

11. Teaching the Job or Task Set standards Articulate criteria of successful mastery Provide job aids Define behaviors which lead to success Properly sequence learning objectives Articulate required base skills and knowledge

12. Linear Graph of Expertise

13. Sample with Tasks

14. Sample in Flowchart Form

15. Combination Linear Graph/Flowchart

16. Web Resources Needs Assessment Matrix: http://mime1.marc.gatech.edu/MM_Tools/NAM.html http://mime1.marc.gatech.edu/MM_Tools/NAM.html Task Analysis Assessment: http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/task_ analysis.html http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/task_ analysis.html Task Analysis for Mining http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/hfg/taskanalysis.ht ml http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/hfg/taskanalysis.ht ml Task Analysis for Instructional Design http://classweb.gmu.edu/ndabbagh/Resources/Reso urces2/taskanalysis2.htm http://classweb.gmu.edu/ndabbagh/Resources/Reso urces2/taskanalysis2.htm

17. Group Exercise The situation: Your group has realized there is quite a lot of confusion about how to prepare for l'aid el kebir. For this project, you need to identify the audience you wish address for your communication product, decide what needs they will have, and present a thorough task/job analysis of the situation. Then your group will need to decide on the most appropriate media for this communication product. You also need to define who you are 'working for' (i.e. who will support this project and pay for it and why).

18. Step 1: Audience Analysis Use an audience analysis worksheet (either from our book or from the web) to help identify and clarify your audience, perhaps you will have both a primary and secondary audience. You will also need to identify what methods you will use to find out more about your target audience’s needs. Can you identify Subject Matter Experts or ‘Master Performers’?

19. Step 2: Job & Task Analysis After you have clarified your audience, use the resources we have seen to identify the needs this group will have and clarify what tasks they will need to do. What information will you need to obtain, and what assumptions will you need to make about their knowledge? What information will it include/not include? Where can you go to observe the needed tasks?

20. Step 3: Defining the TCP You need to decide on the approach you will take, making decisions such as:  Format of TCP (Technical Communication Product)  Identify which of the three 'types' it belongs to (end user, internal, oral)  Cultural/societal factors  Level of language  Media  Economic considerations  Etc...

21. Step 4: Drafting a Proposal You need to draft a proposal to submit covering each of these points and laying out a plan for how your team will go about achieving its goal. Add appendices as needed. (See P. 272-280 in CGTC)