1. PSUCS322 HM 1 Languages and Compiler Design II Basic Blocks Material provided by Prof. Jingke Li Stolen with pride and modified by Herb Mayer PSU Spring 2010 rev.: 5/18/2010

2. PSUCS322 HM 2 Agenda Definition Sample: Basic Block Identifying Basic Blocks (BB) Control Flow Graph (CFG) Sample: Quicksort Quicksort CFG Loops CFG Synthesis

3. PSUCS322 HM 3 Definition: Basic Block A Basic Block (BB) is a sequence of 1 or more consecutive instructions, starting with a unique entry (header, aka leader) and ending with an exit instruction that transfers to another BB or ends the program (e.g. a Halt instruction) Possible to have single-instruction BBs. Leaders are explicitly created by being the destination of branch- and call destinations. Leaders are implicitly created by the previous instruction branching away (via jump or call), or by fall-though e.g. in the case of conditional branches

4. PSUCS322 HM 4 Sample: Basic Block A basic block is a sequence of 1 or more consecutive operations whose first is the sole entry and whose last is the sole exit point. Only the first statement can be a label or target of a jump. But being the first operation of a BB via fall-though is also possible Only the last statement can be a jump statement. But non-control-flow operations can also be exits points, for example, when the next one happens to be target of a branch. (1)-(4) form Basic Block(0) is Basic BlockMultiple Basic Blocks (0)L1: (0) L3: goto foo(0) i := m-1 (1)i := m-1(1) j := n (2)j := n(2) L4: (3) t1 := 4*n(3) t2 := 4 * i (4)v := a[t1](4) goto bar (5)L2:...(5) t3 := t3 -j

5. PSUCS322 HM 5 Identifying Basic Blocks 1.) Identify “leaders”, i.e. the first statements of basic blocks. Leaders are: The first statement of the program; e.g. first instruction of main() function The target of a call, conditional, or unconditional branch Operation following a control-transfer instruction; this operation is an implicit target by fall-through; note that successor of unconditional branch is candidate for unreachable code 2.) For each leader: its basic block consists of the leader itself plus all 0 or more operations up to and excluding the next leader or up to the halt instruction Example:Leaders:Basic Blocks: L0:(1) a := 0(1)(1) L1:(2) b := b+1(2)(2) (3) (4) (5) (3) c := c+b (4) a := b*2 (5) if a<N goto L1 (6) return c(6)(6)

6. PSUCS322 HM 6 Control Flow Graph (CFG) A program’s Control Flow Graph is a directed graph, whose nodes are Basic Blocks, and whose vertices are program-defined flows of control from Basic Blocks to others Example (1) a := 0 a := 0 BB1 L1: (2) b := b+1 b := b+1 BB2 (3) c := c+b c := c+b (4) a := b*2 a := b*2 (5) if a<N goto L1 id a<N goto L1 (6) return c return c BB3

7. PSUCS322 HM 7 Sample: Quicksort // assume an external input-output array: int a[] void quicksort( int m, int n ) { int i, j, v, x; // temps if ( n <= m ) return; i = m-1; j = n; v = a[n]; while(1) { do i=i+1; while( a[i] < v ); do j=j-1; while( a[j] > v ); if ( i >= j ) break; x = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = x; } //end while x = a[i]; a[i] =a [n]; a[n] = x; quicksort( m, j ); quicksort( i+1, n ); } //end quicksort

8. PSUCS322 HM 8 Quicksort IR Code (1) i := m-1 (2) j := n (3) t1 := 4*n (4) v := a[t1] L0: L1: (5) i := i+1 (6) t2 := 4*i (7) t3 := a[t2] (8) if t3<v goto L1 L2: (9) j := j-1 (10) t4 := 4*j (11) t5 := a[t4] (12) if t5>v goto L2 (13) if i>=j goto L3 (14) t6 := 4*i (15) x := a[t6] (16) t7 := 4*i (17) t8 := 4*j (18) t9 := a[t8] (19) a[t7] := t9 (20) t10 := 4*j (21) a[t10] := x (22) goto L0 L3: (23) t11 := 4*i (24) x := a[t11] (25) t12 := 4*i (26) t13 := 4*j //Jingke (27) t14 := a[t13] (28) a[t12] := t14 (29) t15 := 4*j //Jingke (30) a[t15] := x (31) 2 calls...

9. PSUCS322 HM 9 Quicksort CFG BB1: (1)--(4) BB2: (5)--(8) BB3: (9)--(12) BB4: (13) BB5: (14)--(22) BB6: (23)--(30) i := m-1 j := n t1 := 4*n v := a[t1] BB1 i := i+1 t2 := 4*i t3 := a[t2] if t3<v goto BB2 BB2 j := j-1 t4 := 4*j t5 := a[t4] if t5 > v goto BB3 BB3 if i >= j goto BB6 BB4 t11 := 4*i x := a[t11] t12 := 4*i t13 := 4*j t14 := a[t13] a[t12]:= t14 t15 := 4*j a[t15]:= x BB6 t6 := 4 * i x := a[t6] t7 := 4*i t8 := 4*j t9 := a[t8] a[t7]:= t9 t10 := 4*j a[t10]:= x goto BB2 BB5 Control Flow Graph

10. PSUCS322 HM 10 Loops Since cfg is a graph, it may contain loops, AKA strongly- connected-components (SCC) Generally, a loop is a directed graph, whose nodes can reach all other nodes along some path This includes “unstructured” loops, with multiple entry and multiple exit points A structured loop (proper loop) has just 1 entry point, and (generally) a single point of exit Loops created by mapping high-level source programs to IR or assembly code are proper, unless disturbed by Goto (and Break) statements Goto can create any loop; break creates additional exits

11. PSUCS322 HM 11 Loops, Cont’d Unstructured 2 proper loops, one unstructured loop Loop: 2, 3, 4, 5 Loop1: 2, 3; Loop2: 2, 4; Loop3: 2, 3, 4 1 2 3 45 6 1 2 34 5 How many loops?

12. PSUCS322 HM 12 Natural Loops Given a “back edge” t -> h, the natural loop of t -> h is the subgraph consisting of the set of nodes containing h and all the nodes that (1) are dominated by h and (2) from which t can be reached without passing through h, and the edge set connecting all the nodes in this node set Node h is the loop header, which is the unique entry node to the loop Dominance Relation: A node d dominates node i, if every execution path from CFG entry to i includes d, i.e. one can’t execute i without executing d first Recursive Dominance Definition: a dom b: Meaning node a dominates node b if and only if a = b, or a is the unique immediate predecessor of b, or a dominates all the immediate predecessors of b

13. PSUCS322 HM 13 Back Edges We call an edge t -> h back edge, if h dominates t Finding Back Edges: –Find a spanning tree of the CFG, e.g. using a depth- first search algorithm –Edges that are not included in the spanning tree are candidates for back edges, check each against the dominance relation

14. PSUCS322 HM 14 BB Analysis See separate.doc presentation

15. PSUCS322 HM 15 Well-Structured CFG CFG is well-structured (AKA reducible) iff all its loops are natural loops characterized by their back edges. Important Properties: In a well-structured control-flow graph there are no jumps into the middles of loops. I.e. each loop is entered only through its header A cfg derived from programs using structured flow-of-control statements exclusively such as if-then-else, while-do, continue, and break statements are always well-structured Many dataflow analysis algorithms work only on well-structured CFGs. Example: Simplest irreducible flow graph: 1 23

16. PSUCS322 HM 16 CFG Synthesis Definition: A Control Flow Graph (cfg) of some program p, named cfg(p), is a static abstraction of p, in which each node represents a Basic Block (BB). Edges connecting the nodes in cfg represent the control flow from any one basic block to its successors. A cfg only represents the static control flow, hence it is not necessary to store, which of 2 successors in an If Expression (the Then Clause and the Else Clause) is connected by the true condition. Only that there are 2 successors matters.

17. PSUCS322 HM 17 CFG Synthesis The cfg Algorithm cfg_build(pc): Aside from its parameter pc, input to the cfg Algorithm cfg_build() is a list of instructions I broken into Basic Blocks. One of these BBs holds the select entry instruction at address: pc The cfg Algorithm creates a new cfg node for each BB For each successor s of a Basic Block BB(n) cfg_build() installs a directed edge from BB(n) to s. During this process each BB is labeled as reached. At completion, all BBs are inspected; those not reached are filtered out as unreachable BBs, hence each of its instructions is unreachable code. Output of cfg_build() is a pointer to the cfg node associated with address pc

18. PSUCS322 HM 18 CFG Synthesis See separate.doc presentation