1. Fiber Optic probes in Medicine Presented by Sarojini Ramakrishnan Email: sr63@buffalo.edu

2. Overview What is Endoscopy? What is Endoscopy? The Endoscope The Endoscope The Rigid Endoscope The Rigid Endoscope The Flexible Endoscope The Flexible Endoscope Major Players Major Players Cost Cost Research Research References References 1/17

3. What is Endoscopy? Minimally invasive surgical procedure Minimally invasive surgical procedure “Keyhole” or “seamless” surgery “Keyhole” or “seamless” surgery Allows surgeons to peer into the body and examine organs in situ Allows surgeons to peer into the body and examine organs in situ Also widely used as a diagnostic procedure Also widely used as a diagnostic procedure

4. Caught in the act??

5. The View

6. The Endoscope Uses fiber optics and powerful lens systems Uses fiber optics and powerful lens systems Illuminates and provides a view of the interior of joints Illuminates and provides a view of the interior of joints Rigid or Flexible Rigid or Flexible Different variations for viewing different organs Different variations for viewing different organs

7. The Rigid Endoscope

8. Objective Lens Objective Lens Rod Lens Rod Lens Ocular Lens Ocular Lens Light Fibers Light Fibers Light Source Light Source Camera for imaging (optional) Camera for imaging (optional)

9. Rod Lenses

10. Endoscope to Video Micro-camera attached to eyepiece and image viewed on a monitor Micro-camera attached to eyepiece and image viewed on a monitor Uses Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) Uses Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) - Capture and store image data - 2D array of individual elements that can store an electric charge - can respond to as high as 70% of the incident light

11. Charge-Coupled Device

12. Light Sources Tungsten filament lamp Tungsten filament lamp halogen reflector lamp halogen reflector lamp - optimal use of light Rare-earth xenon lamp Rare-earth xenon lamp - high intensity light - true color display (xenon daylight effect)

13. The Flexible Endoscope Bending radius of approx. 15mm Bending radius of approx. 15mm Two fiber optic cables Two fiber optic cables - one is a light conduit (incoherent) - second is used for image transmission (coherent) Image fiber Image fiber - image resolution of approx. 10.000 pixels per square mm.

14. Major Players Olympus Olympus Pentax Pentax Fujinon Fujinon Stryker Stryker

15. Cost Endoscopy accounts for 25% of all surgery conducted in developed countries Endoscopy accounts for 25% of all surgery conducted in developed countries Endoscopes Endoscopes - anywhere between $700 for a used endoscope - anywhere between $700 for a used endoscope upto $10,000 for a new endoscope upto $10,000 for a new endoscope Light Sources Light Sources - $250 to $4000 Video Endoscopy system Video Endoscopy system - above $8000

16. Research Avenues Surgical imaging systems that can simulate the optimal path for the surgeon (inside the brain for neurosurgery, for example) Surgical imaging systems that can simulate the optimal path for the surgeon (inside the brain for neurosurgery, for example) Spectroscopy Spectroscopy Endoscopes with image processing capabilities Endoscopes with image processing capabilities

17. References imaginis.com/endoscopy/ imaginis.com/endoscopy/ Rigid Endoscopes Rigid Endoscopes - members.aol.com/EndoNews/art1.html - www.surgical-optics.com/N_RTerms.html www.surgical-optics.com/N_RTerms.html - www.nsgamerica.com/products.cfm - www.awi-industries.com/rodLens.html - www.endoscopy.com/vet/video.htm - www.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCD Light Sources Light Sources - http://www.meditronic.com/products/endoscopy/light.html - www.vet.uga.edu/mis/Exotics/Exotics_Equipment/ exotics_equipment.html exotics_equipment.html

18. References Contd. Flexible Endoscope Flexible Endoscope - http://www.healthlibrary.com/reading/yod/current/fibre.htm http://www.healthlibrary.com/reading/yod/current/fibre.htm - http://www.corexcel.com/courses2/body.flexible.endoscopes.page2.htm http://www.corexcel.com/courses2/body.flexible.endoscopes.page2.htm Coherent Fiber Optic Bundle Coherent Fiber Optic Bundle - http://cord.org/step_online/st1-7/st17eiv.htm http://cord.org/step_online/st1-7/st17eiv.htm - www.roperscientific.de/teffo.html Market situation Market situation - www.1800Endoscope.com - http://www.mindbranch.com/catalog/product.jsp?code=R469-0002