1. Chapter 8

2. The Strategic Management Process
External
Analysis
Strategic
Choice
Strategy
Implementation
Competitive
Advantage
Mission
Objectives
Internal
Analysis
Implementing
Corporate
Diversification

3. Implementation Issues
How Information Flows
Where and By Whom are Decisions Made
How to Influence the Behavior of People
• how can the interests of employees
be aligned with the interests of the firm?

4. The Need for Organizational Structure
Information Processing Requirements
• as organizations become larger and more complex,
information processing requirements exceed
individual capacity
• bounded rationality
• organizational structure divides information
processing into manageable blocks (span of control)

5. M-Form Structure Board of Directors Senior Executive Division Division
Corporate
Human
Resources
Corporate R&D
Corporate Finance
Strategic Planning
Corporate Marketing
Division
Division
Division
Finance
Production
Engineering
Accounting
Sales &
Marketing
Human
Resources

6. The Agency Relationship
A Trade Off
M-Form Structure
Divides Information
Processing Requirements
Into Manageable Blocks
Divides Owners
From Managers
Interests of Owners and
Managers May Diverge

7. The Agency Relationship
Managing Agency
Monitors
Principals
Agents
Division
General
Managers
Individual
Shareholders
Senior
Executives
Board Of
Directors
Shared
Activity
Managers
Institutional
Shareholders
Corporate
Staff
Dual
Role

8. The Office of the President
Chairman
of the
Board
(monitoring)
Chairman
CEO
COO
Chairman
CEO
COO
Chairman
CEO
COO
Chief
Executive
Officer
(strategy formulation)
Chairman
CEO
COO
Chief
Operating
Officer
(strategy implementation)

9. The Office of the President
Information Filtering
• information about the divisions’ businesses
is filtered as it rises to the senior executive
• the senior executive can ‘manage’ the information
flow
• information flow should not exceed the
bounded rationality of managers at any
level in the organization
• information should flow should be matched
with decision-making authority

10. Division General Managers
Senior Executive
Corporate
Human
Resources
Corporate R&D
Corporate Finance
Strategic Planning
Corporate Marketing
Division
Division
Division
Finance
Production
Engineering
Accounting
Sales &
Marketing
Human
Resources

11. Shared Activity Managers
Division
Division
Division
Finance
Production
Finance
Production
Engineering
Engineering
Human
Resources
Sales &
Marketing
Profit Centers
Shared
Activities
Cost Centers

12. Management Controls 3 Issues Evaluating Divisional Performance
Allocating
Capital
Transferring
Intermediate
Products
Measurement:
Playing Games:
Setting Prices:
• accounting
• managers want
to look good
• negotiation
• economic value
added (EVA)
• cost
• zero-based
budgeting
• market-based
Ambiguity:
• dual pricing
• allocating costs
& revenues

13. Compensation Policies
Compensation Committee
In theory…
• represents interests of owners in setting compensation
of top executive team
• sets compensation based on performance or market
In practice…
• sometimes appear to be beholden to executives
• compensation decisions often bear little relationship
to performance

14. Compensation Policies
Aligning Incentives
Research shows…
Theory predicts…
Stock Options
Tied to
Performance
Long Time
Horizon
Stock Grants
Cash Bonus
Short Time
Horizon
Not Tied to
Performance
Salary

15. Refocusing Corporate level strategy may call for exiting a business
• a conglomeration discount may exist
• the corporation may lack necessary skills
• expected economies of scope may not exist
• the corporation may need funds for core activities
MBO
Divest
Assets
Spin-off
or,
IPO

16. International Implementation
Multi-Domestic
Strategy
Global
Strategy
Centralized Hub:
Decentralized Federation:
• highly autonomous units
• facilitates global
integration
• very responsive locally
• exploits a
global product
Coordinated Federation:
• less autonomous
• exploits scale
economies
• some shared activities
between divisions

17. International Implementation
Transnational
Structure
• facilitates both local responsiveness
and global integration
• country managers are responsible for
exploiting economies of scope
• corporate HQ constantly scans the
globe looking for best practices

18. Summary Successful implementation is a matter of:
• appropriately breaking information processing
into manageable blocks
• aligning the interests of owners and managers
These can be accomplished through:
• Organizational Structure
• Management Controls
• Compensation Policies