1. A New Model for the Galactic Electron Density & its Fluctuations J. M. Cordes, Cornell University cordes@astro.cornell.edu BU Milky Way Workshop 17 June 2003 New electron density model (n e &  n e ): NE2001 w/ J. Lazio How different from Taylor & Cordes ’93 and other models? Ingredients and performance VLBI astrometry = breakthrough Arecibo + GBT + VLA + Effelsburg + Jodrell = parallax machine Square Kilometer Array = Mother of all parallax machines Future modeling: radio+CO, radio+H , radio +  -rays (GLAST) Future pulsar surveys (Arecibo/ALFA, SKA) w/ S. Chatterjee, W. Brisken, M. Goss, S. Thorsett

2. NE2001 (uses data through 2001) Paper I = the model (astro-ph/0207156) Paper II = methodology & particular lines of sight (astro-ph/0301598) Code + driver files + papers: www.astro.cornell.edu/~cordes/NE2001

3. Why detailed modeling? Distance scale for neutron stars –Neutron star populations (space density, luminosities) –Birth/death rates –Correlations with supernova remnants Designing Radio Pulsar Surveys Turbulence in Galactic plasma Galactic magnetic fields (deconstructing Faraday rotation measures) Interpreting scintillations of sources at cosmological distances (AGNs, GRBs) Baseline model for exploring the intergalactic medium (dispersion & scattering in ISM, IGM)

4. Deficiencies of TC93 DM too small for distant, high latitude objects Distances overestimated for many objects in theGalactic plane (10% of now-known objects have DMs too large to be accounted for) Pulse broadening over/underestimated in some directions Spiral arms incompletely defined over Galaxy No Galactic center component

5. Estimated Wavenumber Spectrum for  n e Similar to Armstrong, Rickett & Spangler (1995) Slope ~ -11/3 Spectrum = C n 2 q -   n e 2  =  d 3 q C n 2 q -  SM =  ds C n 2 (s)

6. Integrated Measures DM  ds n e Dispersion Measure EM  ds n e 2 Emission Measure RM  ds n e B  Rotation Measure SM  ds C n 2 Scattering Measure Spectrum = C n 2 q - , q = wavenumber (temporal spectrum not well constrained, relevant velocities ~ 10 km/s)  = 11/3 (Kolmogorov value) Scales ~ 1000 km to > pc

7. Integrated Measures DM  ds n e Dispersion Measure EM  ds n e 2 Emission Measure RM  ds n e B  Rotation Measure SM  ds C n 2 Scattering Measure Spectrum = C n 2 q - , q = wavenumber (temporal spectrum not well constrained, relevant velocities ~ 10 km/s)  = 11/3 (Kolmogorov value) Scales ~ 1000 km to > pc

8. Integrated Measures DM  ds n e Dispersion Measure EM  ds n e 2 Emission Measure RM  ds n e B  Rotation Measure SM  ds C n 2 Scattering Measure Spectrum = C n 2 q - , q = wavenumber (temporal spectrum not well constrained, relevant velocities ~ 10 km/s)  = 11/3 (Kolmogorov value) Scales ~ 1000 km to > pc

9. Independent Pulsar Distances Parallaxes:Pulse timing Interferometry Associations:Supernova remnants Globular clusters HI Absorption:Galactic rotation

10. Very Long Baseline Array PSR B0919+06 S. Chatterjee et al. (2001)  = 88.5  0.13 mas/yr  = 0.83  0.13 mas D = 1.2kpc V = 505 km/s

11. Brisken et al. 2001; 2002

12. NE2001 Goal is to model n e (x) and C n 2 (x)  Fn e 2 (x) in the Galaxy Input data = {DM, EM, SM, [D L, D U ] = distance ranges} Prior input: –Galactic structure, HII regions, spiral-arm loci –Multi- constraints on local ISM (H , NaI, X-ray) Figures of merit: –N > = number of objects with DM > DM  (model) (minimize) –N hits = number of LOS where predicted = measured distance: d(model)  [D L, D U ] (maximize) –L = likelihood function using distances & scattering (maximize) Basic procedure: get distances right first, then get scattering (turbulence) parameters

13. NE2001 x2 more lines of sight (D,DM,SM) [114 with D/DM, 471 with SM/D or DM] (excludes Parkes MB obj.) Local ISM component (new) (new VLBI parallaxes) [12 parameters] Thin & thick disk components (as in TC93) [8 parameters] Spiral arms (revised from TC93) [21 parameters] Galactic center component (new) [3 parameters] (+auxiliary VLA/VLBA data ; Lazio & Cordes 1998) Individual clumps/voids of enhanced dDM/dSM (new) [3 parameters x 20 LOS] Improved fitting method (iterative likelihood analysis) penalty if distance or SM is not predicted to within the errors

14. Local ISM components & results

15. Model Components

16. Galactic Center Component

17. Thin disk

18. Thick disk (1 kpc)

19. Spiral arms

20. DM vs Galactic longitude for different latitude bins

22. 134 of 1143 TC93 distances are lower bounds

23. DM(psr)-DM(model,  )

24. Asymptotic DM

25. Spatial fluctuations in n e recall dSM = C n 2 ds  F n e 2 ds  F n e dDM F = “fluctuation parameter” varies widely over Galaxy F  (  n e / n e ) 2 / f (outer scale) 2/3 (f = volume filling factor of ionized cloudlets) F varies by >100 between outer/inner Galaxy  change in ISM porosity due to change in star formation rate (?) outer scale ~ 0.01 pc in HII shells, GC > 1 pc in tenuous thin disk estimate:  n e / n e ~ 1

26. dSM  F n e dDM F  (  n e / n e ) 2 / f (outer scale) 2/3 small F large F Evidence for variations in turbulence properties between inner & outer Galaxy

27. Selected Applications Galactic turbulence anisotropy of fluctuations relation to  B and CR prop’n expect correlations of  -ray emission & scattering (GLAST needed) IGM in local group M33 giant pulses from Crab-like pulsars  DM,SM IGM on cosmological scales scattering/scint’n of AGNs by intervening galaxies, Ly  clouds, turbulence in cluster gas, HII regions at EOR GRB & IDV scintillations source sizes vs. t ambient medium IGM

28. New Parallax Programs 53 pulsars using VLBA antennas only at 1.4 GHz (systematics: ionospheric phase) Chatterjee, Brisken et al. (2002-2004) Currently can reach ~ 2 kpc 6 strong pulsars, VLBA-only at 5 GHz Ionosphere less important Chatterjee, Cordes et al. (2001-ongoing) VLBA + Arecibo + GBT + … Initial tests Expect to do ~100 pulsars in 5 years, some to 5 kpc Future: SKA  superior phase calibration, sensitivity, can reach >10 kpc

29. with, Surveys with Parkes, Arecibo & GBT. Simulated & actual pulsars shown Yield ~ 1000 pulsars in ALFA survey

30. SKA pulsar survey 600 s per beam ~10 4 psr’s

31. Comments & Summary NE2001 = large improvement over TC93 Caveat: HII regions, etc are grossly undersampled by available LOS Need ~ 10 4 DMs to adequately model the MW from pulsars alone Large-scale structures are imposed and parameterized VLBI (esp. with Arecibo, GBT, Jodrell, Effelsberg, etc) will yield many new parallaxes, obviating the need for DM distances for ~100 pulsars in a few yr New pulsar surveys will double sample in ~ 5 yr Next version (NE200X) will Use scattering measurements of Parkes Multibeam sample Define spiral arms more empirically using pulsar + HI, H , CO results Other distance approaches possible: Radio = standard candles if beaming accounted for Expect tighter L X, L  with better distance models.

33. Modeling the Galactic n e &  n e mean & fluctuations are modelled dSM = C n 2 ds  F n e 2 ds  F n e dDM F = “fluctuation parameter” varies widely over Galaxy  n e ~ C n (outer scale) 1/3 possible/probable  n e / n e ~ 1 not clear that  n e on all scales due to same process

34. Electron density of TC93 Taylor & Cordes (1993 ApJ, 411, 674)

35. NE2001 x2 more lines of sight (D,DM,SM) [114 with D/DM, 471 with SM/D or DM] (Parkes MB in next version) Local ISM component (new) [12 parameters] Thin & thick disk components (as in TC93) [8 parameters] Spiral arms (revised from TC93) [21 parameters] Galactic center component (new) [3 parameters] (+auxiliary VLA/VLBA data ; Lazio & Cordes 1998) Individual `clumps’ of enhanced DM/SM (new) [5 parameters per clump] (Voids also) Improved fitting method (iterative likelihood analysis) penalty if distance or SM is not predicted to within the errors

36. Pulsar Velocities Lyne & Lorimer 1994: Proper motions + TC93  ~ 500 km/s Unimodal distribution Cordes & Chernoff 1997: MSP analysis (TC93)  ~ 80 km/s Cordes & Chernoff 1998: High-field pulsars (TC93), < 10 Myr, 3D velocities (z/t) No correction for selection effects  bimodal V,  1 ~ 175 km/s,  2 ~ 700 km/s (14%) Arzoumanian, Chernoff & Cordes 2002: Full analysis (beaming, selection effects, TC93)  bimodal V,  1 ~ 90 km/s,  2 ~ 500 km/s (40%)

37. ACC ‘02 How might the results change using NE2001 instead of TC93?

38. Guitar Nebula & PSR B2224+65 Edot ~ 10 33 erg/s P~0.6 sec D(TC93) = 2 kpc  V  ~1700 km/s D(NE2001) = 1.7 kpc  V  ~1450 km/s H  Palomar 5-m image

39. Is the DM distance Realistic?

40. Is the DM distance Realistic? Yes Standoff radius and flux are consistent

41. Pulsar velocities using only objects with parallax measurements Distribution shows high- velocity tail and is “not inconsistent” with ACC results on high-field pulsars and CC97 on MSPs

42. Parkes MB Feeds Arecibo Multibeam Surveys

43. I. Arecibo Galactic-Plane Survey |b| < 5 deg, 32 deg < l < 80 deg 1.5 GHz total bandwidth = 300 MHz digital correlator backend (1024 channels) (1st quadrant available = WAPP) multibeam system (7 feeds) ~300 s integrations, 3000 hours total Can see 2.5 to 5 times further than Parkes (period dependent) Expect ~500 to 1000 new pulsars

44. II. High Galactic Latitude Survey Millisecond pulsars (z scale height ~ 0.5 kpc) High-velocity pulsars (50% escape) (scale height =  ) NS-NS binaries (typical z ~ 5 kpc) NS-BH binaries (typical z ~ few kpc ?) Search for:

45. NE2001 Spiral Arms Electron density (log gray scale to enhance local ISM)

46. Differential TOA from Multipath: Quenching of pulsations for  d > P.

47. NE2001 = New Model Cordes & Lazio 2002 astro-ph July www.astro.cornell.edu/~cordes/NE2001 Goal is to model n e (x) and C n 2 (x) in the Galaxy Software to the community (cf web site) Supercedes earlier model (Taylor & Cordes 1993, ApJ) Investigate application spinoffs: –Astronomical: scattering degradation of pulsar surveys Imaging surveys at low frequencies (LOFAR, SKA) SETI –Astrophysical: Physics of interstellar turbulence Connection to magnetic fluctuations & CR propagation (scales probed match CR gyroradii over wide energy range)

48. Deficiencies of TC93 DM too small for distant, high latitude objects Distances overestimated for many objects in theGalactic plane (10% of now-known objects have DMs too large to be accounted for) Pulse broadening over/underestimated in some directions Spiral arms incompletely defined over Galaxy No Galactic center component