1. Spacecraft Structure Development - Vibration Test - (60 minutes)
2007/04/24

2. Outline
Basic Concept
Sinusoidal Vibration Test
Random Vibration Test

3. Basic Concept

4. Basic Concept in Vibration Test (1/7)
Acceptance Test:
An acceptance test is applied to all items of flight hardware, whose design integrity has previously been verified by a qualification test on a prototype item. The goal is to detect workmanship errors and/or material defects in the manufacture and assembly of the hardware, and to demonstrate that the hardware is representative of the qualified design.
Qualification Test:
The purpose of a qualification test is to demonstrate with margin that a hardware design is adequate to perform as are required throughout the mission environmental exposures. 6dB above acceptance for two minutes

5. Basic Concept in Vibration Test (2/7)
Alternative Methods:
Protoflight Test:
A protoflight test is applied to one-of-a-kind flight hardware to meet the goals of both qualification and acceptance testing. 3dB above acceptance for one minutes
Protoqualification Test:
With a protoquallfication strategy, a modified qualification (protoqualification) is conducted on a single item and that test item is considered to be available for flight. The normal acceptance test is then conducted on all other flight items. 3dB above acceptance for two minutes

6. Basic Concept in Vibration Test (3/7)

7. Definition and Equations for Use in Vibration Test (4/7)
Decibel: the ratio between two like quantities expressed logarithmically by 10.
Acceleration, velocity, displacement
db = 20 log 10 (A2/A1)
Power Spectrum Density
db = 10 log 10 (A2/A1)
Octave: the ratio between two frequencies expressed logarithmically by 2
Let N = octave number (2, 4 ….)
N = log 2 (FH/FL) , FH = upper frequency, FL = lower frequency
or N = 3.33 log 10 (FH/FL)

8. Definition and Equations for Use in Vibration Test (5/7)
Logarithmic Sinusoidal Sweep
Let R = N/T (octaves/minute)
the time duration of the sweep
T = N/R = (1/R) log 2 (FH/FL)
example: 5 ~ oct/min, the duration = 2.17 min
Mean Squared Acceleration in a Frequency Band for Random Vibration Test
A). arbitrary shape spectrum:

9. Definition and Equations for Use in Vibration Test (6/7)
B). Flat portion of spectrum:
C). Constant slope portion of spectrum

10. Definition and Equations for Use in Vibration Test (7/7)
Overall Mean Squared Acceleration :
The overall RMS acceleration is:
Sound Pressure Level

11. Sinusoidal Vibration Test - Sine Survey Test -
Sinusoidal vibration is periodically varying motion which is described by amplitude (displacement, velocity or acceleration) , frequency and phase angle.
Types of sinusoidal vibration tests include the sine survey (or low level survey) test, the swept sine test, the sine pulse test and the sine dwell test.
The sine survey is a low amplitude test conducted through a specified frequency range at a prescribed rate. The main purpose of this test is to identify the primary structural resonances of the test item.
A typical specification for sine survey testing is presented below
Frequency (Hz) Level g
All axes Rate ： 2 oct/min

12. Sinusoidal Vibration Test - Swept Sine Test -
The swept sine test is normally conducted over a smaller frequency region than the sine survey test.
During this test, the test item is usually subjected to significant input levels in spectral regions of primary structural concern. This amplified level may be the result of a vehicle anomaly, a primary structural resonance or a locally-induced perturbation.
Thus the primary function of this test is to demonstrate that the hardware will endure the loading which may develop as a result of these events.
A typical specification for swept sine testing is presented below
Frequency (Hz) Level
" DA g g
Rate ： 4 oct/min for All axes

13. Sinusoidal Vibration Test - Sine Burst Test -
The sine burst test is a test performed at a level which simulates a static load, or steady state, condition on the test item.
This test is short in duration and is conducted at a particular frequency for a specified number of cycles.
The frequency at which the test is performed is chosen to be well below the fundamental frequency of the test item so as to avoid any dynamic amplification during the test.
The test article is not exposed to the larger number of vibratory cycles thus minimizing any concerns for fatigue.
A specification for a sine pulse test must include the test level, frequency and duration. For a system with a natural frequency greater than 60 Hz, the following sine pulse test may be specified:
Test level g
Test frequency Hz
Test duration - 13 half-cycles (i.e., 6H full cycles) at maximum level

14. Random Vibration Test (1/2)
Random vibration is vibration containing all frequencies at once whose instantaneous magnitude cannot be explicitly defined.
Random vibration contains nonperiodic or quasi-periodic components and thus an exact value at a future time cannot be predicted.
The instantaneous magnitude is specified by probability distribution functions giving the mean square value that lies within a specified frequency range.
Random vibration tests are examined as energy inputs to the system and usually provide greater power inputs in the higher frequency ranges.
As a result of this, electronic configurations, which generally have higher resonant frequencies, are usually exercised to a greater extent than primary structure.

15. Random Vibration Test (2/2)
FORMOSAT-3 test input for a random vibration test is shown in below. The rms (root mean square) value of a random vibration input is obtained by integrating the power spectral density over the frequency range and taking the square root.
Freq (Hz)
Test Level (g2/Hz) 20
0.01 25
0.022 35 45
1000
2000
0.0025
Grms
3.87 (g)

16. Vibration Test - FORMOSAT-2 Example -
RSI Vibration Test
FS2 Vibration Test

17. Vibration Test - FORMOSAT-3 Example -
Single FS3 Vibration Test
Stacked Vibration Test

18. Shock Test (1/3)
Shock testing involves exposing the hardware to a non-periodic excitation that is characterized by its suddenness and severity.
Spacecraft hardware is subjected to shock environments due to the firing of pyrotechnic bolts during separation from the launch vehicle and deployment of spacecraft appendages such as antennae, solar arrays and instrument covers.
The acceleration generated from a shock event can be represented in terms of a shock response spectrum (SRS). The SRS will depend on the assumed damping. This is usually expressed in terms of the amplification Q. For most applications, an amplification of 5 or 10 for the system is used.
Although the shock level appears to be significant, the energy quickly dissipates through each joint and with increasing distance from the shock source. As a result, in many cases, shock levels are not the controlling design parameters.

19. Shock Test (2/3) - SRS -

20. Shock Test (3/3) - SRS Specification -

21. Pyro-Shock Test - FORMOSAT-1 example -
0.1 1 10
100
1000
10000
100000
Frequency, Hz
Shock Response, G's
1.LVBA060x
4.LVBA150x
65.LVBA240x
68.LVBA330x
Contract Requirement
Satellite sustains the launch separation shock?
Component shock specifications adequate?

22. Pyro-Shock Test - FORMOSAT-1 Test Results Analysis -
Payload Platform
Ram Platform
Center Platform
Wake Platform
Closure Panel
Solar Panel
Booster Adapter
contains components
contains inverse cone,
propellant tank
Payload Platform
(0.02, 0.02, 0.04)
Antenna
(0.07, 0.07, 0.14)
Solar Array
(0.15)
Center Platform
(0.17, 0.17, 0.23)
Wake Platform
(0.30, 0.19, 0.23)
Sep Plane
(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)

23. Pyro-Shock Test - FORMOSAT-2 example -
Before
After