1. Complementarity and Bistable Perception Thomas Filk Institute for Frontier Areas in Psychology, Freiburg Parmenides Foundation for the Study of Thinking, Munich, Department of Physics, University of Freiburg Monte Verità – May, 23 rd 2007

2. Can we apply ideas and part of the mathematical formalism of (quantum) physics to describe phenomena of consciousness?

3. Can we apply ideas and part of the mathematical formalism of (quantum) physics to describe phenomena of consciousness? Not: consciousness as an immediate quantum phenomenon

4. Content Bistable Perception Weak Quantum Theory The Necker-Zeno Model for Bistable Perception Tests for Non-classicality

5. Bistable Perception

6. Bistable perception - cup or faces

7. Bistable perception – mother or daughter

8. The Necker cube Louis Albert Necker (1786-1861)

9. The mental states state 1state 2

10. Rates of perceptive shifts 1 2 t (sec) 024681820222426283032343610121416 J.W.Brascamp et.al, Journal of Vision (2005) 5, 287-298 T=  t 

11. Weak Quantum Theory

12. “Observation” An observation not only changes the state of the observing system but also the state of the observed system. It is an interaction between these two systems. The algebraic formalism of quantum mechanics grew out of the necessity that observations may have an influence on the observed system.

13. “Observation” No discussion of –the role of consciousness –the relevance of the partition –the pointer basis problem –the problem of state reduction

14. Observables and States Measurable quantity (measuring recipe): A detailed prescription for the performance of an experiment yielding a definite result. Observable: A mathematical object „representing“ a measurable quantity. State: A functional (mapping) which associates to each observable a number (expectation value).

15. Mathematical formalization of classical and quantum mechanics Observables: –Commutative C*- Algebra –Distributive proposition calculus –Boolean lattice States: positive, linear functionals on the set of observables (expectation values) Observables: –Non-commutative C*- Algebra –Non-distributive proposition calculus –Non-boolean lattice States: positive, linear functionals on the set of observables (expectation values) Classical mechanicsQuantum mechanics

16. Mathematical formalization of classical and quantum mechanics Observables: –Commutative C*- Algebra –Distributive proposition calculus –Boolean lattice States: positive, linear functionals on the observables (expectation values) Observables: –Non-commutative C*- Algebra –Non-distributive proposition calculus –Non-boolean lattice States: positive, linear functionals on the observables (expectation values) Classical mechanicsQuantum mechanics

17. Weak quantum mechanics H. Atmanspacher, H. Römer, H. Wallach (2001) Generalization of the algebraic description of classical and quantum physics A framework for a theory of observables (propositions) for any system which “has enough internal structure to be a possible object of a meaningful study”. No Hilbert-space of states, no a priori probability interpretation, no Schrödinger equation, no Born rule, ….

18. Sketch of the axioms of weak QT The exist states {z} and observables {A}. Observables act on states (change states). Observables can be multiplied (related to successive observations). Observables have a “spectrum”, i.e., measurements yield definite results. There exists an “identity” observable: the trivial “measurement” giving always the same result.

19. Complementarity Two observables A and B are complementary if they do not commute AB  BA. Two (sets of) observables A and B are complementary, if they do not commute and if they generate the observable algebra. Two (sets of) observables A and B are complementary, if they do not commute on states AB z  BA z. Two (sets of) observables A and B are complementary, if the eigenstates (dispersion-free states) have a maximal distance.

20. The Necker-Zeno Model for Bistable Perception

21. The quantum Zeno effect B. Misra and E.C.G. Sudarshan (1977) Dynamics: Observation: States: Dynamics and observation are complementary Results of observations

22. The quantum Zeno effect B. Misra and E.C.G. Sudarshan (1977) Dynamics: Observation: States: Dynamics and observation are complementary Results of observations

23. The quantum Zeno effect The probability that the system is in state |+  at t=0 and still in state |+  at time t is: w(t) = |  +|U(t)|+  | 2 = cos 2 gt. t 0 ~1/g is the time-scale of unperturbed time evolution. The probability that the system is in state |+  at t=0 and is measured to be in state |+  N times in intervals Δt and still in state |+  at time t=N·Δt is given by: w Δt (t) := w(Δt) N = [cos 2 gΔt] N Decay time:

24. Quantum Zeno effect Δt t0t0 T w(t)

25. The Necker-Zeno model H. Atmanspacher, T. Filk, H. Römer (2004) Mental state 2:Mental state 1: dynamics  „decay“ (continuous change) of a mental state observation  „update“ of one of the mental states Internal dynamics and internal observation are complementary.

26. Time scales in the Necker Zeno model Δt : internal „update“ time. Temporal separability of stimuli  25-70 ms t 0 : time scale without updates (“P300”)  300 ms T : average duration of a mental state  2-3 s. Prediction of the Necker-Zeno model:

27. A first test of the Necker-Zeno model Assumption: for long off-times t 0  off-time

28. Necker-Zeno model predictions for the distribution functions J.W.Brascamp et.al, Journal of Vision (2005) 5, 287-298 probability density Cum. probability

29. Refined model Modification of - g  g(t) the „decay“-parameter is smaller in the beginning: -  t   t(t) the update-intervals are shorter in the beginning Increased attention? t g(t),  t(t)

30. Tests for Non-Classicality

31. Bell‘s inequalities J. Bell (1964) Let Q 1, Q 2, Q 3, Q 4 be observables with possible results +1 and –1. Let E(i,j)=  Q i Q j  Then the assumption of “local realism” leads to –2  E(1,2) + E(2,3) + E(3,4) – E(4,1)  +2

32. Temporal Bell’s inequalities A.J. Leggett, A. Garg (1985) 1 Let K(t i,t j )=  σ 3 (t i )σ 3 (t j )  be the 2-point correlation function for a measurement of the state, averaged over a classical ensemble of “histories”. Then the following inequality holds: | K(t 1,t 2 ) + K(t 2,t 3 ) + K(t 3,t 4 ) – K(t 1,t 4 ) |  2. This inequality can be violated in quantum mechanics, e.g., in the quantum Zeno model. t

33. Caveat The derivation of temporal Bell‘s inequalities requires the assumption of „non invasive“ measurements. (This corresponds to locality in the standard case: the first measurement has no influence on the second measurement.)

34. Summary and Challenges The Necker-Zeno model makes predictions for time scales which can be tested. The temporal Bell’s inequalities can be tested. Complementarity between the dynamics and observations of mental states is presumably easier to find than complementary observables for mental states. If Bell’s inequalities are violated (an non- invasiveness has been checked), what are the „non-classical“ states in the Necker-Zeno model? (acategorical mental states?)