1. Subject: Cement Types and Characteristics of Cements
Lecture No. 03
Subject:
Cement Types and
Characteristics of Cements

2. Objectives of Lecture:
Explain briefly the various types of Portland cement.
Explain the chemical compounds in Portland cement.

3. Types of Portland Cement
Different types of Portland cement are manufactured to meet the requirements for specific purposes.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C150 specifies the following eight types of Portland cement.

4. Type Name Type I Normal Type IA Normal, air-entraining Type II
Moderate sulfate resistance
Type IIA
Moderate sulfate resistance, air-entraining
Type III
High early strength
Type IIIA
High early strength, air-entraining
Type IV
Low heat of hydration
Type V
High sulfate resistance

5. Type I cement
It is a general-purpose cement used in concrete for making pavements, floors, reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, tanks, pipes, etc.
It is for all uses where the special properties of other cement types are not required, such as sulfate attack from soil and water, or to an objectionable temperature rise.

6. Application of Type I Cement

7. Type II cement
It is used where precaution against moderate sulfate attack is important, as in drainage structures, which may be subjected to a moderate sulfate concentration from ground waters. It has moderate sulfate resistance because it contains no more than 8% tricalcium aluminate (C3A).
It usually generates less heat of hydration at a slower rate than Type I cement and therefore can be used in mass structures such as large piers, heavy abutments, and retaining walls.
Due to less heat generation it can be preferred in hot weather.

8. Application of Type II Cement

9. Type III cement
It is chemically and physically similar to Type I cement, except that its particles have been ground finer.
It provides high early strengths at an early period, usually a week or less.
It is used when forms need to be removed as soon as possible or when the structure must be put into service quickly.
It is preferred in cold weather for reduction in the curing period.

10. Application of Type III Cement

11. Type IV cement
It is used where the rate and amount of heat generated from hydration must be minimized.
It develops strength at a slower rate than other cement types.
It is most suitably used in massive concrete structures, such as large gravity dams, where the temperature rise resulting from heat generated during hardening and must be minimized to control the concrete cracking.

12. Application of Type IV Cement

13. Type V cement
It is used only in concrete exposed to severe sulfate action – principally where soils or ground waters have a high sulfate content.
Its high sulfate resistance is due to its low C3A content of about 4%.
It is not resistant to acids and other highly corrosive substances.

14. Air-Entraining Portland Cements (Types IA, IIA, and IIIA)
These cements have same composition as Types I, II, and III, respectively, except that small quantities of air-entraining material are inter-ground with the clinker during manufacture.
These cements produce concrete with minute, well-distributed and separated air bubbles which improve the resistance to freeze-thaw action and to scaling caused by chemicals applied for snow and ice removal.

15. White Portland Cement
It has composition same as Type I or Type III cement, except that it has a white color instead of gray color.
It is made of selected raw materials containing negligible amounts of iron and magnesium oxides-the substances that give cement its gray colors.
It is used primarily for architectural purposes.

16. Application of White Cement

17. Blended Hydraulic Cements
These cements are produced by intimately and uniformly blending the Portland cement and the by-product materials, such as blast-furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume and other pozzolans.

18. Blended Cements

19. ASTM C 596 recognizes five classes of blended cements:
Portland blast-furnace slag cement-Type IS.
Portland pozzolan cement-Type IP and Type P.
Pozzolan-modified Portland cement-Type I(PM).
Slag cement-Type S.
Slag-modified Portland cement-Type I(SM).

20. SPECIAL CEMENTS Masonry Cements
These cements are used in mortar for masonry construction.
ASTM C 91 classifies masonry cements as: Type N, Type S, and Type M

21. Expansive Cements
These cements are primarily used in concrete for shrinkage control.
ASTM C 845 classifies expansive cements as:Type E-1(K), Type E-1(M), Type E-1(S).

22. Special Cements (Not covered by ASTM)
Type
Uses
Oil-well cements
For sealing oil wells
Waterproof Portland cements
For reducing capillary water transmission
Plastic cements
For making plaster and stucco (coating exterior surfaces)

23. Chemical Compounds in Portland Cement
As indicated earlier the burning operation of the raw materials results into the reaction between the oxides and four compound compositions are formed in the final cement product, as follows:
C3S = 3CaO.SiO2 (Tricalcium silicate)
C2S = 2CaO.SiO2 (Dicalcium silicate)
C3A = 3CaO.Al2O3 (Tricalcium aluminate)
C4AF = 4CaO. Al2O3.Fe2O3 (Tetracalcium aluminoferrite)

24. In general C3S Constitutes 50% to 70% of the clinker.
C3A Constitutes 5% to 10% of the clinker.
C4AF Constitutes 5% to 15% of the clinker.

25. Role of Compound Composition
C3S
Hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely responsible for initial set and early strength.
Early strength of cement is higher with increased percentages of C3S.

26. 2. C2S Hydrates and hardens slowly.
Contributes largely to strength increase at ages beyond one week.

27. Alite (C3S) and Belite (C2S)

28. 3. C3A
Liberates a large amount of heat during the first few days of hydration and hardening.
Also contributes slightly to early strength development.
Gypsum added to the cement slows down the hydration rate of C3A.
Cements with low percentages of C3A are especially resistant to soils and waters containing sulfates.

29. C4AF
Does not play any significant role on hydration.

30. Hydration of Cement
In the presence of water the cement compounds chemically combined with water (hydrate) to form new compounds that are the infrastructure of the hardened cement paste in concrete.
Both C3S and C2S hydrate to form calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). Hydrated cement paste contains 15% to 25% Calcium hydroxide and about 50% calcium silicate hydrate by mass. The strength and other properties of hydrated cement are due primarily to calcium silicate hydrate.

31. C3A reacts with water and calcium hydroxide to form tetracalcium aluminate hydrate.
C4AF reacts with water and calcium hydroxide to form calcium aluminoferrite hydrate.
For all the Portland cement compound hydration reactions see Table 2-5:

32. Hydration Reactions

33. Chemical composition and Fineness of Cements

34. Relative Reactivity of Cement compounds

35. Relative volume of major compounds in hydrated cement paste