1. Robo David Davenport Computer Eng. Dept., Bilkent University Ankara - Turkey. email: david@bilkent.edu.tr...a lightning introduction to the engineering of software

2. Robo Robo is a little robot with a pen you command him to move around he leaves a trail with the pen as he moves Robo’s world is infinite flat white surface Your objective: to have Robo produce given pattern/picture

3. Robo Commands f(x)- move forward x units r(x) - turn right x degrees l(x)- turn left x degrees p - pick up/put down the pen (switch drawing mode on/off) Initial condition middle of surface facing north in drawing mode One command at a time please! (i.e. only one per line) Sorry, but I can’t do any maths or even fractions!

4. Robo - examples Have Robo draw a straight line 100 units long a horizontal line 150 units long a 100 by 200 unit rectangle an equilateral triangle with 150 units sides a dashed line, 50 unit spaces, 100 unit dashes Points to note: Robo only understands f,r,l & p (not any natural language) Syntax error when Robo doesn’t understand command A program is a sequence of commands (instructions) Multiple correct solutions Simple isn’t it?

5. Robo - problem What is this? No one can IMMEDIATELY say what it is! How can we find out? TRACE it put yourself in position of Robo and follow the commands r(180) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(100) f(50) r(90) f(150) l(90) f(70) l(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70)

6. Robo - solution After tracing... program has Logical Errors & needs to be corrected... DEBUG the program BUGS but it should look like this It looks like this!

7. Robo - TRACE & DEBUG Debug it... r(180) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(100) f(50) r(90) f(150) l(90) f(70) l(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) & check by tracing again! l(90)r(120) l(90) To correct... add, remove & change commands

8. Homework (Exercises)! Try one of these yourself StarComputer HouseRobot TreeCube Important your program should be correct i.e. it should be right-first-time Robo is asked to do (run/execute) it Design not experiment.

9. Reflections Your observations…? There must be an easier way to earn a living! How can we make our lives as programmers easier? Simple to follow Difficult to understand Long & therefore complex to do Difficult to debug and/or change Often use same/similar sets of commands Ok, now Robo programmers earn living by writing them but only if right-first-time! & jobs require HUGE pictures

10. The easy life... Ideas to make life easier comments blank space methods parameters repetition Top down structured design

11. Root cause of difficulties Lack of mapping btw problem & solution l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) f(150) l(90) f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) ? see some structure see no structure Program to draw a Wishing Well finally, draw roof then draw pole First draw base So add notes Problem: notes would cause syntax errors! Solution: modify Robo to ignore such notes.

12. Comments Are natural language notes written in the program Ignored by Robo (i.e. no syntax error) // any_natural_language_text syntax: // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) Use comments… to say what each section does, & to tell about the program as a whole Every program should have a Header, a block of comments at the top that detail what, where, when & by whom.

13. Comments Are natural language notes in program Ignored by Robo (i.e. no syntax error) Use for documentation purposes who, what, when, how, … // any_natural_language_text syntax: // Draw a house // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 : // draw walls : example: : // draw left window : // draw door : Including information that explains how program works makes it easier to fix/change Tip: if changes are made, add comments to track who did what, when & why!

14. The Inheritance of the Labour Movement The British Labour Movement draws its inspiration from a history that goes back over many centuries. This movement arose directly from the twin struggles by the British people to control Parliament through the popular vote and to gain the right to organise free trade unions. The battle against the Combination Acts and similar legislation which made trade unionism illegal went hand in hand with the campaigns for working men and women to be represented in Parliament. But even before these historic struggles, which first saw the light of day in the industrial revolution, the origins of socialism can be traced back as far as the time of Christ himself and even to the Old Testament. Tony Benn, 1979. Aids to Reading Can you read this comfortably? theinheritanceofthelabourmovementthebritishlabourmovemen tdrawsitsinspirationfromahistorythatgoesbackovermanycentur iesthismovementarosedirectlyfromthetwinstrugglesbythebritis hpeopletocontrolparliamentthroughthepopularvoteandtogaint herighttoorganisefreetradeunionsthebattleagainstthecombinat ionactsandsimilarlegislationwhichmadetradeunionismillegalwe nthandinhandwiththecampaignsforworkingmenandwomentobe representedinparliamentbutevenbeforethesehistoricstruggles whichfirstsawthelightofdayintheindustrialrevolutiontheoriginso fsocialismcanbetracedbackasfarasthetimeofchristhimselfandev entotheoldtestamenttonybenn1979

15. Blank Space Help visualisation & reading Blank lines, indentation & spaces // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) First see 3 parts then comments then code Combine Comments & Blank space Answers without tracing! Aid debugging & maintenance What does this code do? // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base l(90) f(50) l(90) // left f(100) l(90) // bottom f(100) l(90) // right f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof f( 70) r( 120) f( 140) r( 120) f( 140) r( 120) f( 70)

16. Methods Are named blocks of commands Short, so easier to understand Facilitates reuse, testing & debugging d method_name syntax: Defining method: // Draw … // Author: … // Date: … : // draw … : method_name Using method: Example: // Draw pole f(150) l(90) pole d pole

17. Wishing Well using methods // draw roof of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 f(70) l(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) roof // draw base of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(100) f(50) r(90) base // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base d base // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof d roof wwell

18. & again…? Changed method names What does it do now? (remember comments are ignored) // draw roof of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) a123 // draw base of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) xyz // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base d xyz // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof d a123 wwell …it looks like a wishing well, but… MORAL – use meaningful names! d xyz d pole d a123 wwell // draw pole of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 f(150) l(90) pole

19. House 250 x 250 x 250 50 x 50 250 x 250 50 x 100

20. House f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) window f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) walls f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) door housebody d walls r(90) f(100) l(90) d door p f(125) l(90) f(75) r(90) p d window p r(90) f(150) l(90) p d window house d housebody p f(125) l(90) f(175) r(120) p d roof roof f(250) r(120) f(250) r(120) f(250)

21. Generalize methods Looking at specific method instances notice repetition of similar code so, abstract/generalize through parameters f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) window f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) walls f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) door f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) rect( width, height) These are known as formal parameters They must be replaced with actual values when the Robo does the method Can you write equtri?

22. Using general methods Example, in place of draw door: d door Need to say “draw rectangle with width=50 & height=150” Use notation d rect( 50, 150) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) door f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) rect( width, height) Actual parameter values f( 150) r(90) f( 50) r(90) f( 150) r(90) f( 50) r(90) rect( 50, 150) Replace formal parameters with actual parameter values

23. Rewriting the house program Using general rectangle method in place of draw door: d door say “draw rectangle with width=50 & height=150” i.e. d rect( 50, 150) in place of draw walls: d walls say “draw rectangle with height=250 & width=250” i.e. d rect( 250, 250) d roof d walls d leftwindow d rightwindow d door house d roof d rect( 250, 250) d rect( 50, 50) d rect( 50, 150) house Now need comments!

24. Restricted parameter names! Robo allows only names: a, b, c, d translate rect method for Robo… f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) rect( width, height) f( b) r(90) f( a) r(90) f( b) r(90) f( a) r(90) rect( a, b, c, d ) Robo methods always have these four formal parameters, even if they are not used. For this reason, they are not explicitly written each time. Now need to include comments to say what a, b, c & d represent… // Params: a – width, b - height

25. Methods are independent! Methods can call other methods only connection is parameter list matched one-by-one in order, not by name! d moveturn( b, 90) d moveturn( a, 90) d moveturn( b, 90) d moveturn( a, 90) rect( a, b) d rect( a, b) r( c) rectturn( a, b, c) f( a) r( b) moveturn( a, b) Must understand: a’s, b’s, etc. are different in each method.

26. Repetition Automatically repeat method x 2 halfrect( a, b) rect( a, b) x c rectturn( a, b, d) pretty( a, b, c, d) d moveturn( b, 90) d moveturn( a, 90) halfrect( a, b) d rect( a, b) r( c) rectturn( a, b, c) f( a) r( b) moveturn( a, b) x number_of_times method_name ( parameter_list ) syntax: x 10 rectturn( a, b, 36) pretty( a, b) Try doing square & rewriting equtri

27. Repetition -- HECTOGONAL EQUTRI // equilateral // triangle f(a) r(120) f(a) r(120) f(a) d equtri(a) r(180) r(30) x 6 sequtri(a) r(30) x 3 equtri(a) l(60) x 3 equtri(a) sequtri hecto1 hecto2

28. Repetition -- CİRCLE r(a) f(b) circlepart x 360 circlepart(1,1) circle

29. Summary You should have learnt about & understand the rationale for… Comments White space Meaningfully named methods Method parameters Repetition Coming next… Top-down structured design!