1. PMT absolute calibration using the Rayleigh scattering in Nitrogen air PMT absolute calibration using the Rayleigh scattering in Nitrogen air ICRR N.Sakurai, M.Fukushima Utah University L.Wiencke

2. Motivation Absolute calibration ： Laser energy can be measured by energy meter preciously. Rayleigh scattering is well understood. So, we can obtain the precious number of scattering photons by Rayleigh scattering and it can be used for PMT Q.E.xC.E. calibration.

3. Absolute calibration using N 2 laser (CRAY)

4. System overview

5. Components Light source (Laser Science VSL-337ND-S) N 2 laser lambda ＝ 337.1nm E max =300uJ Pulse width<4nsec Si energy probe (Laser Probe RjP-465) 500fJ-250nJ Detection area:1.0cm 2 Accuracy=+-5%

6. PMT(H7195PX) Size of photo cathode ＝ 60mm phi HPK provides their calibration data. (Only 25 ｍｍ phi @center) （ Both of the errors of HPK Q.E. and C.E. are 10%.) Q.E.C.E. Ch125.96%74% Ch225.78%77%

7. Scattering region Pure N 2 gas (99.9995%) is introduced. Flow rate is 5 – 10 litter/minutes Temperature and pressure is monitored by environmental data logger. 1 hour after of N 2 flow start, calibration is started.

8. Rayleigh scattering ｎ ： refractive index(1.0002936 for stp N 2 ) λ ： wavelength (337.1nm) F k ： Correction factor for anisotropy of non-spherical molecules(1.03679 for N 2 ) For stp N2, （ H.Naus and W.Ubachs, Opt lett, 25 5 347 2000 ）

9. Calculation of # of photon in PMT N pulse : # of photon in each laser pulse –When 1.0uJ, 1.697x10 12 photon N mol : # density of molecule A : Acceptance of PMT (include dir. dependence) l: Length of scattering region

10. Polarization of laser beam The angle of polarizer is changed and then laser energy is measured. Within +-5%

11. Laser energy cross check glasslaser Pyro (Accuracy = +-5% ) Si (Accuracy = +-5% )

12. Calculation of # of photo-electron N 0 : # of events below threshold N : # of events above threshold μ: average of # of P.E. Peak Threshold=(1/3)xPeak ADC distribution

13. Absolute calibration of PMT1 # of photon from Si det. N photon =0.50±0.03 # of P.E. from PMT. N pe =0.093±0.01 Q.E.×C.E=0.18±0.02 (Data provided by HPK ： Q.E.×C.E.=0.19±0.03)

14. Absolute calibration of PMT2 # of photon from Si det. N photon =0.50 ±0.03 # of P.E. from PMT. N pe =0.11±0.01 Q.E.×C.E=0.21±0.02 (Data provided by HPK: Q.E.×C.E.=0.21±0.03)

15. Error estimation (very preliminary) Calibration of energy meter ： ±5% Polarization of beam ： ±0.5% Acceptance calculation ： ±2% Scattering calculation ： ±3% Reflection inside of box ： ±2% ？ Geomagnetic field ： ±5% ？ Reproducibility of 1 p.e. ： ±10% # of Photon # of P.E.

16. Summary PMT absolute calibration method using Rayleigh scattering by pure gas is developing. (obtained almost same result as HPK) Energy of laser is measured by two calibrated energy probes (Pyro-electric and Si), and two are consistent with 7%. The measured Q.E.xC.E. is consistent with HPK result. This system will be useful to measure Air fluorescence yield by well calibrated PMT. (Difference is only electron or photon.)