1. XHTML1 Tables and Lists

2. XHTML2 Objectives In this chapter, you will: Create basic tables Structure tables Format tables Create lists

3. XHTML3 Creating Basic Tables Tables are collections of rows and columns that you use to organize and display data In a table, the intersection of any given row and column is called a cell

4. XHTML4 Creating Basic Tables

5. XHTML5 Tables are also used to lay out Web pages, much like frames have been used The W3C discourages using tables for document layout because tables can be difficult for non-visual user agents to interpret Creating Basic Tables

6. XHTML6 Creating Basic Tables Additionally, user agents with small monitors, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and browsers that use large fonts may have difficulty rendering a Web page that is laid out using tables The W3C encourages the use of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for document layout

7. XHTML7 Basic Elements You create tables using the element Within the element you can nest a number of other elements that specify the content of each cell along with the structure and appearance of the table The element also includes several attributes that affect the appearance and structure of a table

8. XHTML8 Table Elements

9. XHTML9 The Element Cells are the most basic parts of a table You create a cell within the element using the element The element stands for “table data” The content of each element is the data that will appear in the table cell

10. XHTML10 The Element Each element essentially represents a column in the table You declare table cells within table row elements that you create with the element Each element you include within a element creates a separate row

11. XHTML11 Schedule Table

12. XHTML12 The Element Table cells can contain two types of information: data that you define with the element and heading information that you define with the element User agents render the content of a element in a distinct manner; most Web browsers display heading information in a bold typeface and align it in the center of the column

13. XHTML13 Captions and Summaries Most tables include a caption that describes the data in the table You create a caption for a Web page table using the element The element must be the first element following the element, and you can include only a single element per table A caption should provide a short phrase or title that clearly describes the contents of the table

14. XHTML14 Captions and Summaries The element is important because it allows non-visual user agents to understand the purpose of a table For short or simple tables, the element is usually sufficient for describing the purpose of the table For long or complex tables, however, you should also include the summary attribute of the element, which allows you to provide a more detailed summary of a table’s structure and content for use in non-visual user agents

15. XHTML15 Table Widths You use the width attribute of the element to specify the size of a table You can assign a fixed value in pixels or a percentage representing the visible width of a Web browser window

16. XHTML16 Table Widths

17. XHTML17 Horizontal Alignment You can use the align attribute to adjust the horizontal alignment of the contents of all table elements with the exception of the and elements The values you can assign to the align attribute are left, center, right, and justify

18. XHTML18 Horizontal Alignment

19. XHTML19 Structuring Tables Although table structure elements are not required in order for your documents to be well formed, it is a good idea to include them to clearly identify the different parts of your tables Table structure elements also allow you to apply default alignment and CSS styles to entire sections of a table and to adjust the width of individual columns

20. XHTML20 Row Groups You can create table row group elements that consist of a table header, table body, and table footer To define a table header, you use the element; to define the table body, you use the element; and to define the table footer, you use the element

21. XHTML21 Table Header You must place the element after any,, and elements and before the and elements Typically, you place table heading information (created with the element) within the element, as shown on page 229 of the textbook

22. XHTML22 Table Body The element should contain the rows of data that make up the body of a table You can use the element to align a table body and to apply CSS formatting to the table body You can also include multiple elements to control different parts of the table body

23. XHTML23 Table Footers The element defines information that should be placed at the bottom of a table You use the element to provide additional information about the columns or about the table itself The element must be placed before the element in order to allow a user agent to render the structure of the table before it receives the potentially large amount of data that may appear in the table body

24. XHTML24 Columns There are times when you may want to format the columns in your tables, either individually or as a group In this section you study column groups, which are used for applying default alignment, width, and CSS styles to groups of columns within a table

25. XHTML25 Column Groups You use the element to create a column group in a table You must place a element after a table’s element and before its element The element can be created either as an empty element or as a tag pair that contains elements as its content The empty element allows you to apply formatting to an individual column in a column group

26. XHTML26 Column Widths You cannot use the element’s width attribute to adjust the size of cells or columns in a table, which are determined automatically by each user agent In addition, you cannot adjust the widths of individual table cells with the and elements However, you can adjust the widths of columns using the width attribute of the or elements

27. XHTML27 Using Tables to Simulate Frames If you want to use tables to simulate frames, you create a table with the same number of cells as the number of frames you want If you want to create two horizontal frames (one at the top of a page and one on bottom), you create a table with two rows, with each row containing a single element Similarly, if you want to create two vertical frames, you create a table with a single row containing two elements

28. XHTML28 Using Tables to Simulate Frames To create a navigation menu on the left and a content pane on the right, you would place a list of hyperlinks in the left cell and display each link’s associated content in the right cell One of the big differences between frames and tables that simulate frames is that when you click a link in a table, the link opens an entirely new page in the same browser window—it does not display a new URL in a different area of the same page as occurs with frames

29. XHTML29 Formatting Tables You should handle the visual display of content with CSS Nevertheless, you can use several types of built-in table formatting options without CSS, even when using the Strict DTD

30. XHTML30 Borders You use the element’s border attribute to add a border to a table The value you assign to the border attribute determines the thickness of the border in pixels

31. XHTML31 Borders

32. XHTML32 The frame Attribute You can include the frame attribute in the element to specify which sides of the table should display a border

33. XHTML33 Rules You can include the rules attribute in the element to specify which rules should appear in a table

34. XHTML34 Displaying Empty Cells Web browsers do not render the borders around empty cells To fix this problem, you need to add a element for each empty cell, and include a non-breaking space character entity ( ) as each cell’s content

35. XHTML35 Displaying Empty Cells

36. XHTML36 Cell Margins The cellspacing attribute specifies the amount of horizontal and vertical space between table cells You assign to the cellspacing attribute a value representing the number of pixels that you want between table cells In comparison, the cellpadding attribute specifies the amount of horizontal and vertical space between each cell’s border and the contents of the cell

37. XHTML37 Cell Margins

38. XHTML38 Cells that Span Multiple Rows or Columns You can cause cells to span multiple rows or columns by including the rowspan or colspan attributes in the or elements As an example of the colspan attribute, the table in Figure 6-32 shows a breakdown of the animal kingdom into phylum and class

39. XHTML39 Cells that Span Multiple Rows or Columns

40. XHTML40 Vertical Alignment You can use the valign attribute, which adjusts the vertical alignment of the contents of all table elements with the exception of the and elements The values you can assign to the valign attribute are top, middle, bottom, and baseline The default valign attribute is “middle”

41. XHTML41 Creating Lists Lists are a very important tool in proper Web page authoring because they provide a way of logically ordering a series of words or numbers They also provide a simple, yet effective design technique for making it easier for Web site visitors to locate information You can add three types of lists to a Web page; unordered lists, ordered lists, and definition lists

42. XHTML42 Creating Lists

43. XHTML43 Unordered Lists An unordered list is a series of bulleted items To define the items you want to appear in the bulleted list, you nest elements within a element

44. XHTML44 Unordered Lists

45. XHTML45 Ordered Lists An ordered list is a series of numbered items To define the items you want to appear in the numbered list, you nest elements within an element

46. XHTML46 Ordered Lists

47. XHTML47 Definition Lists A definition list is a series of terms and their definitions Web browsers render each term and its definition on separate lines with an indented left margin You create a definition list by using the element, you nest elements for term names and elements for term definitions

48. XHTML48 Definition Lists

49. XHTML49 Summary Tables are collections of rows and columns that you use to organize and display data In a table, the intersection of any given row and column is called a cell You create tables using the element You create a cell within the element using the element You create a caption for a Web page table using the element

50. XHTML50 Summary You use the width attribute of the element to specify the size of a table You can create row groups in a table that consist of a table header, table body, and table foot Column groups are used for applying default alignment, width, and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) styles to groups of columns within a table You can adjust the widths of columns using the width attribute of the or elements

51. XHTML51 Summary You include the frame attribute in the element to specify which sides of the table should display a border You can use a element to create an empty cell, but you must include the non-breaking space character entity ( ) as each empty cell’s content You can cause cells to span multiple rows or columns by including the rowspan or colspan attribute in the or elements

52. XHTML52 Summary The valign attribute adjusts the vertical alignment of the contents of all table elements with the exception of the and elements An unordered list is a series of bulleted items An ordered list is a series of numbered items A definition list is a series of terms and their definitions