1. Module 4: Data presentation & interpretation

2. Module 4: Learning objectives  Understand different ways to best summarize data  Choose the right table/graph for the right data  Interpret data to consider the programmatic relevance

3. Summarizing data  Tables  Simplest way to summarize data  Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages  Charts and graphs  Visual representation of data  Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages

4. Basic guidance when summarizing data  Ensure graphic has a title  Label the components of your graphic  Indicate source of data with date  Provide number of observations (n = xx) as a reference point  Add footnote if more information is needed

5. Tables: Frequency distribution YearNumber of births 190061 190158 190275 Set of categories with numerical counts Data source: Pagano, M. Vital Events Survey in Northern Niger. Studies in Demographics, 1993. Vol. 27, pp. 32–37. Number of Births in Ouallam, Niger, 1900–1902

6. Tables: Relative frequency number of values within an interval total number of values in the table Year# births (n)Relative frequency (%) 1900–19093527 1910–19194634 1920–19295139 Total132100.0 x 100

7. Tables YearNumber of births (n) Relative frequency (%) 1900–19093527 1910–19194634 1920–19295139 Total132100.0 Percentage of births by decade between 1900 and 1929 Source: U.S. Census data; 1900-1929.

8. Charts and graphs  Charts and graphs are used to portray:  Trends, relationships, and comparisons  The most informative are simple and self- explanatory

9. Use the right type of graphic  Charts and graphs  Bar charts: comparisons, categories of data  Line graphs: display trends over time  Pie charts: show percentages or proportional share

10. Bar chart Comparing categories

11. Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by quarter Q1 Jan-Mar Q2 Apr-JuneQ3 July-Sept Q4 Oct-Dec Data Source: Program records, AIDSRelief, January 2009 – December 2009.rce: Quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008

12. Has the program met its goal? Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by quarter Data Source - Program records, AIDS Relief January 2009 – December 2009rce: Quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008 Target

13. Stacked bar chart Represents components of whole & compares wholes Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV care Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group Data source: AIDSRelief program records January 2009 - 20011

14. Line graph Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4* *Includes doctors and nurses Displays trends over time

15. Line graph Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4* *Includes doctors and nurses Y1 1995Y2 1996Y3 1997 Y4 1998 Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.

16. Pie chart Contribution to the total = 100% N=150

17. Interpreting data

18.  Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons and by exploring causes and consequences Relevance of finding Reasons for finding Consider other data Conduct further research

19. Interpretation – relevance of finding  Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons and by exploring causes and consequences Relevance of finding Reasons for finding Consider other data Conduct further research

20. Interpretation – relevance of finding  Does the indicator meet the target?  How far from the target is it?  How does it compare (to other time periods, other facilities)?  Are there any extreme highs and lows in the data?

21. Relevance of finding Reasons for finding Consider other data Conduct further research Interpretation – Possible causes? Supplement with expert opinion Others with knowledge of the program or target population

22. Relevance of finding Reasons for finding Consider other data Conduct further research Interpretation – Consider other data Use routine service data to clarify questions -Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review commodities data against client load, etc. Use other data sources

23. Interpretation – Other data sources  Situation analyses  Demographic and health surveys  Surveillance data  Performance improvement data Relevance of finding Reasons for finding Consider other data Conduct further research

24. Interpretation – conduct further research  Data gap conduct further research  Methodology depends on questions being asked and resources available Relevance of finding Reasons for finding Consider other data Conduct further research

25. Key messages  Use the right graph for the right data  Tables – can display a large amount of data  Graphs/charts – visual, easier to detect patterns  Label the components of your graphic  Interpreting data adds meaning by making connections and comparisons to program  Service data are good at tracking progress & identifying concerns – do not show causality

26. Group Work 2: Calculating coverage and efficiency

27. Learning objectives  Use basic statistics to measure coverage and efficiency  Develop graphs that display performance measures (utilization, trends)  Interpret performance measures for programmatic decision making

28. Small group activity  Form groups of 4–6  Each group reviews 2 worksheets from Excel file and answers the questions (1 hour 45 min)  Each group presents 2 findings from each worksheet, focusing on the programmatic relevance of the findings (10 min per group)  Audience provides feedback on analysis and interpretation (notes errors, additional interpretations) (10 min per group)

29. Group Work 2: Report back  Each group will have 10 minutes to present its completed Framework  Group discussion – Are there other data sources that might have been used in this decision? Were there other stakeholders that should have been considered? (10 min)