1. Could Dynamic Variance-Covariance Settings and Jump Diffusion Techniques Enhance the Accuracy of Risk Measurement Models? A Reality Test Li, Ming-Yuan Leon

5. Motivations The importance of VaR (Value at Risk) The limitations of VaR Stress and scenario testing Improve the measurement of VaR

6. Motivations Three methods that are in common use to calculate VaR –(1) Parametric VaR –(2) Historical Simulation –(3) Monte Carlo Simulation Relative strengths and weakness VaR contribution (VaRC)

7. Motivations Limitations of the parametric VaR –Stable variances and correlations –Poor description of extreme tail events Solutions –Time-varying variances and covariance –A jump diffusion system –EVT (extreme value theory)

8. Literature review Billio and Pelizzon (2000) & Li, et al. (2004) Regime switching models to estimate VaR Limitations of them: –Li (2004): univariate system –Billio and Pelizzon (2000) : a simple setting on variances

9. Literature review Unlike them –Bivariate system –Not only state-varying technique but also time-varying process on the variances –Meaningful volatility-correlation relationship –Stable periods versus crisis periods

10. Model Specifications The linear model with constant variance and covariance

11. Model Specifications

13. The MVGARCH model with time-varying variance and covariance

14. Model Specifications

16. The DCC proposed by Engle (2002):

17. Model Specifications The jump diffusion model with regime- switching variance and covariance 1 X ARCH (r) g 2 X ARCH (r)

18. Model Specifications Volatility-correlation relationship

19. Model Specifications

20. Back-testing of VaR Results

22. Data Daily index returns for the Canada, UK and US equity markets, as compiled by Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) The two portfolios addressed by this study are (1) Canada-US and (2) UK-US The data cover the period from January 1st, 1990 through May 7th, 2007, and include 4,526 observations All the stock prices are stated in dollar terms

23. Rolling estimation process In the VaR back-testing, the final 2,500 daily observations of the sample are omitted from the initial sample Ten back testing periods with the 250 daily observations for each period

24. Rolling estimation process At time t, 2,026 (equal to 4,526 minus 2,500) historical data are incorporated into the estimation of the model parameters Based on these variance and correlation estimates, the VaR estimates are then constructed Two-step procedure in MVSWARCH model

25. Parameter estimates

30. Testing VaR results

35. Conclusions During the stable period –The linear-based model and the three advanced VaR models behave similarly During the crisis period –The linear-based model yields poorer results –The two MVGARCH and the MVSWARCH models do enhance the precision of VaR estimates in crisis periods

36. Three caveats In crisis periods, the of exceptions obtained with the three advanced models is still higher than four, the upper bound for the “Green” zone The improvement of the accuracy of VaR measurement obtained with the two dynamic correlation settings in comparison with the CCC- MVGARCH is less promising A system with more than two dimensions