1. Applications of Programming Language Theory: Java Security David Walker COS 441 With slides stolen from: Steve Zdancewic University of Pennsylvania

2. COS 4412 Mobile Code  Modern languages like Java and C# have been designed for Internet applications and extensible systems  PDAs, Cell Phones, Smart Cards, … operating system web browser applet

3. COS 4413 Applet Security Problems  Protect OS & other valuable resources.  Applets should not:  crash browser or OS  execute “rm –rf /”  be able to exhaust resources  Applets should:  be able to access some system resources (e.g. to display a picture)  be isolated from each other  Principles of least privilege and complete mediation apply

4. COS 4414 Java and C# Security  Static Type Systems (Bytecode Verification)  Memory safety and jump safety  Enforces encapsulation boundaries (e.g. private fields)  Run-time checks for  Array index bounds  Downcasts  Access controls  Garbage Collected  Eliminates memory management errors  Library support  Cryptography, authentication, … This lecture Most of the course

5. COS 4415 Access Control for Applets  What level of granularity?  Applets can touch some parts of the file system but not others  Applets can make network connections to some locations but not others  Different code has different levels of trustworthiness  www.l33t-hax0rs.com vs. www.java.sun.com  Trusted code can call untrusted code  e.g. to ask an applet to repaint its window  Untrusted code can call trusted code  e.g. the paint routine may load a font  How is the access control policy specified?

6. COS 4416 Outline  Java Security Model (C# similar)  Stack inspection  Concrete examples  Semantics from a PL perspective  Formalizing stack inspection  how exactly does it work?  Reasoning about programs that use stack inspection

7. COS 4417 Java Security Model a.class b.class c.class d.class e.class Domain A Domain B Permissions Security PolicyVM Runtime http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/guide/security/spec/security-specTOC.fm.html Classloader SecurityManager

8. COS 4418 Kinds of Permissions Permissions are implemented by the java.security.Permission class for which there are many subclasses perm = new java.io.FilePermission("/tmp/abc","read"); java.security.AllPermission java.security.SecurityPermission java.security.UnresolvedPermission java.awt.AWTPermission java.io.FilePermission java.io.SerializablePermission java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission java.lang.RuntimePermission java.net.NetPermission java.net.SocketPermission …

9. COS 4419 Code Trustworthiness  How does one decide what protection domain the code is in?  Source (e.g. local or applet)  Digital signatures  How does one decide what permissions a protection domain has?  Configurable – administrator file or command line  Enforced by the classloader

10. COS 44110 Classloaders  In order to pull new code into the virtual machine, we use an object from the ClassLoader class  A class loader will look in the file system, or across the network for a class file, or possibly dynamically generate the class  When loading the first class of an application, a new instance of the URLClassLoader is used.  When loading the first class of an applet, a new instance of the AppletClassLoader is used.  Class loaders are responsible for placing classes into their security domains  AppletClassLoader places classes in domains depending on where they are from  Other ClassLoaders places classes in domains based on digital signatures, or origin (such as local file system)

11. COS 44111 Classloader Hierarchy ClassLoader SecureClassLoaderURLClassLoader AppletClassLoader Primordial ClassLoader

12. COS 44112 Associating Privileges with Domains grant codeBase “http://www.l33t-hax0rz.com/*” { permission java.io.FilePermission(“/tmp/*”, “read,write”); } grant codeBase “file://$JAVA_HOME/lib/ext/*” { permission java.security.AllPermission; } grant signedBy “trusted-company.com” { permission java.net.SocketPermission(…); permission java.io.FilePermission(“/tmp/*”, “read,write”); … } Policy information stored in: $JAVA_HOME/lib/security/java.policy $USER_HOME/.java.policy (or passed on command line)

13. COS 44113 Summary so Far  We’ve seen what privileges are and how to assign them to fragments of code  Next: how does the system use privileges to enforce an access control policy?

14. COS 44114 Example Trusted Code void fileWrite(String filename, String s) { SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); if (sm != null) { FilePermission fp = new FilePermission(filename,“write”); sm.checkPermission(fp); /* … write s to file filename (native code) … */ } else { throw new SecurityException(); } public static void main(…) { SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); FilePermission fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } Code in the System protection domain

15. COS 44115 Example Client class UntrustedApplet { void run() {... s.FileWrite(“/tmp/foo.txt”, “Hello!”);... s.FileWrite(“~dpw/grades.txt”, “Nick: A+”);... } Applet code obtained from http://www.l33t-hax0rz.com/

16. COS 44116 Stack Inspection  Stack frames are annotated with their protection domains and any enabled privileges.  During inspection, stack frames are searched from most to least recent:  fail if a frame belonging to someone not authorized for privilege is encountered  succeed if activated privilege is found in frame

17. COS 44117 Stack Inspection Example main(…){ fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } Policy Database

18. COS 44118 Stack Inspection Example main(…){ fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } fp Policy Database

19. COS 44119 Stack Inspection Example main(…){ fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } void run() { … s.FileWrite(“/tmp/foo.txt”, “Hello!”); … } fp Policy Database

20. COS 44120 Stack Inspection Example main(…){ fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } void run() { … s.FileWrite(“/tmp/foo.txt”, “Hello!”); … } void fileWrite(“/tmp/foo.txt”, “Hello!”) { fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/foo.txt”,“write”) sm.checkPermission(fp); /* … write s to file filename … */ fp Policy Database

21. COS 44121 Stack Inspection Example main(…){ fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } void run() { … s.FileWrite(“/tmp/foo.txt”, “Hello!”); … } void fileWrite(“/tmp/foo.txt”, “Hello!”) { fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/foo.txt”,“write”) sm.checkPermission(fp); /* … write s to file filename … */ fp Policy Database Succeed!

22. COS 44122 Stack Inspection Example main(…){ fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } void run() { … s.FileWrite(“~dpw/grades.txt”, “Nick: A+”); } fp Policy Database

23. COS 44123 Stack Inspection Example main(…){ fp = new FilePermission(“/tmp/*”,“write,…”); sm.enablePrivilege(fp); UntrustedApplet.run(); } void fileWrite (“~dpw/grades.txt”, “Nick: A+”) { fp = new FilePermission(“important.txt”, “write”); sm.checkPermission(fp); fp Policy Database void run() { … s.FileWrite(“~dpw/grades.txt”, “Nick: A+”); } Fail

24. COS 44124 Other Possibilities  The fileWrite method could enable the write permission itself  Potentially dangerous, should not base the file to write on data from the applet  A trusted piece of code could disable a previously granted permission  Terminate the stack inspection early

25. COS 44125 Stack Inspection Algorithm checkPermission(T) { // loop newest to oldest stack frame foreach stackFrame { if (local policy forbids access to T by class executing in stack frame) throw ForbiddenException; if (stackFrame has enabled privilege for T) return; // allow access if (stackFrame has disabled privilege for T) throw ForbiddenException; } // end of stack if (Netscape || …) throw ForbiddenException; if (MS IE4.0 || JDK 1.2 || …) return; }

26. COS 44126 Two Implementations  On demand –  On a checkPermission invocation, actually crawl down the stack, checking on the way  Used in practice  Eagerly –  Keep track of the current set of available permissions during execution (security-passing style Wallach & Felten) + more apparent (could print current perms.) -more expensive (checkPermission occurs infrequently)

27. COS 44127 Stack Inspection  Stack inspection seems appealing:  Fine grained, flexible, configurable policies  Distinguishes between code of varying degrees of trust  But…  How do we understand what the policy is?  Semantics tied to the operational behavior of the program (defined in terms of stacks!)  How do we compare implementations  Changing the program (e.g. optimizing it) may change the security policy  Policy is distributed throughout the software, and is not apparent from the program interfaces.  Is it any good?

28. COS 44128 Stack Inspection Literature  Stack Inspection: Theory and Variants Cédric Fournet and Andrew D. Gordon  Use operational semantics like in class  Understanding Java Stack Inspection Dan S. Wallach and Edward W. Felten  Formalize Java Stack Inspection using a special logic of authentication

29. Formalizing Stack Inspection

30. COS 44130 Abstract Stack Inspection  Abstract permissions  p,q Permissions (left abstract in the theory)  R,S Sets of permissions (models an entity)  Examples: System = {fileWrite(“f1”), fileWrite(“f2”),…} Applet = {fileWrite(“f1”)}

31. COS 44131 sec Syntax  Language syntax: e ::= expressions xvariable x.efunction e1 e2application R{e}framed expr enable p in eenable test p then e1 else e2check perm. fail failure v ::= x | x.evalues o ::= v | failoutcomes

32. COS 44132 Modelling the Classloader  Models the Classloader that marks the (unframed) code with its protection domain: Load(R,x) = x Load(R, x.e)= x. R{ Load(R,e) } Load(R,e1 e2)= Load(R,e1) Load(R,e2) Load(R,enable p in e) = enable p in Load(R,e) Load(R,test p then e2 else e2) = test p then Load(R,e1) else Load(R,e2) Load(R,fail) = fail

33. COS 44133 Example writeFile = fileName.System{ test fileWrite(fileName) then “f2 contents” // primitive file IO else fail } Applet{writeFile “f2”} -->* fail System{writeFile “f2”} -->* “f2 contents”

34. COS 44134 sec Operational Semantics  Evaluation contexts: E ::= [] Hole E e Eval function v E Eval arg enable p in E Tag on stack frame R{E} Stack frame  E models the control stack

35. COS 44135 sec Operational Semantics E[( x.e) v]--> E[e{v/x}] E[enable p in v]--> E[v] E[R{v}] --> E[v] E[fail] --> fail E[test p then e else f] --> E[e] if Stack(E) |-- p E[test p then e else f] --> E[f] if  (Stack(E) |-- p)

36. COS 44136 Formal Stack Inspection E = Applet{System{[]}} e = test fileWrite(“f2”) then “f2 contents” else fail When does stack(E) allow permission fileWrite(“f2”)? Stack(E) |-- fileWrite(“f2”)

37. COS 44137 Formal Stack Inspection Structure of Stacks: s ::=. (Empty Stack) | s.R (Stack for code of principal R) | s.enable(p)(Privelege p enabled)

38. COS 44138 Stack of an Eval. Context Stack([]) =. Stack(E e) = Stack(E) Stack(v E) = Stack(E) Stack(enable p in E) = enable(p).Stack(E) Stack(R{E}) = R.Stack(E) Stack(E’) = Stack(Applet{System{[]}}) = Applet.Stack(System{[]}) = Applet.System.Stack([]) = Applet.System.

39. COS 44139 Abstract Stack Inspection. |-- p empty stack axiom s |-- p p  R s.R |-- p s |-- p s.enable(q) |-- p protection domain check p  q irrelevant enable s |= p s.enable(p) |-- p check enable

40. COS 44140 Abstract Stack Inspection. |= p empty stack enables all p  R x.R |= p enable succeeds x |= p x.enable(q) |= p irrelevant enable

41. COS 44141  Reason about optimization: Which programs are equal? (Is the optimized program the same as the unoptimized program?)  Eg:  Let C[] be an arbitrary program context.  Define e = e’ iff  for all C[], C[e] terminates whenever C[e’] terminates What Can You Do with an Operational Semantics?

42. COS 44142 Conclusions  What security properties does the Java security model guarantee?  What optimizations are legal?  Formal semantics helps us find the answers & suggests improvements