1. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Title Fiber-optical analogue of the event horizon Experiment:  Friedrich König Christopher Kuklewicz Stephen Hill www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Theory: Ulf Leonhardt Thomas Philbin Scott Robertson

2. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Contents Frequency shifts at event horizons Experimental observation of frequency shifts at event horizons The analogue Hawking effect in fibers Introduction

3. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Horizons in moving media Illustration: Peter Hoey, Science 319, 1321 (2008)

4. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Hydraulic jump Photo: Piotr Pieranski

5. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Time reversal Illustration: Scientific American W. G. Unruh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1351 (1981)

6. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Time reversal White hole analogueBlack hole analogue

7. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Hawking radiation: connections Analogue systems are key to the observation of Hawking-type radiation Optical analogues possible? S. M. Hawking, Nature 248, 30 (1974)

8. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Horizons in moving media P =    z-u t  Probe light ‘sees’ a moving medium of index dn inside a medium of index n

9. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Horizons in moving media: trajectories

10. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Horizons in moving media: trajectories

11. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Choice of medium: optical fiber

12. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Fiber optical horizons: requirements Stable pulses -> solitons Narrowband probe light at a frequency different from soliton Highly nonlinear fiber Pulse trapping: N. Nishizawa et al., Opt. Lett. 27, 152 (2002) A. Efimov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 95,213902, (2005) A. V. Gorbach et al., Nature Photonics 1, 653 (2007) Optical Pushbroom: C. N. de Sterke, Opt. Lett. 17, 914 (1992) N. G. R. Broderick et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 4566 (1997)

13. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Fiber properties and group velocity Fiber NLPM 750 B Measurements by: A. Podlipensky and P. Russell, Erlangen, Germany (dotted line) Crystal Fiber A/S (red line)

14. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Artificial horizons: experimental apparatus

15. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Blue shifting at the white hole Th. Philbin, Ch. Kuklewicz, S. Robertson, S. Hill, F. König, U. Leonhardt Science 319, 5868, pp. 1367 – 1370 (2008)

16. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Hawking radiation: outlook

17. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Hawking radiation: few-cycle pulses Few-cycle pulses from modelocked lasers undergo self-steepening inside the fiber:

18. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Summary Optical pulses in fibers form media moving at the speed of light. At turning points analogue event horizons are formed that lead to frequency shifts. This system is promising for the generation of the analogue of Hawking radiation.

19. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo Thank you! For more information: fewk@st-andrews.ac.uk or go to www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~qinfo or google for black hole and fiber FK