1. XMLTA2003 Transparency No. 1 Introduction to XML Cheng-Chia Chen September 2005

2. XML Introduction Transparency No. 2 contents What is XML ? Where does XML come from? What is its status? Why do we need XML ? XML v.s Other formats Core XML Specifications and APIs How can we do with XML? XML sites A partial list of XML applications and industry initiatives a sketch of XML documents

3. XML Introduction Transparency No. 3 What is XML ? The eXtensible Markup Language a data-structure definition language : let you define the structure and format of your own data. a data format (syntax) used for the representation, storage and transmission of data whose format is defined by xml. Text-based markup Language, let you define your own HTML-like markup languages. Recommended by World Web Consortium (W3C) in Feb 1998. intended to be used as a new message format over the Internet to complement the inadequacy of HTML. a subset of SGML is now very popular and becomes the dominating interchange format of information over the internet

4. XML Introduction Transparency No. 4 The idea of XML Existing student information S9010 張得功 資科系 三年級 chang10@cs.nccu.edu.tw S9021 王德財 應數系 二年級 null …

5. XML Introduction Transparency No. 5 HTML’s concerns How to present the data: 學號 姓名 科系 年級 電郵 S9010 張得功 資科系 三年級 chang10@cs.nccu.edu.tw S9021 王德財 應數系 二年級 學號姓名科系年級電郵 S9010 張得功資科系三年級 chang10@cs.nccu.edu.tw s9021 王德財應數系二年級

6. XML Introduction Transparency No. 6 XML uses markup tags as well, but, describe the content, rather than the presentation of that content. the same example coded in XML: S9010 張得功 資科系 三年級 chang10@cs.nccu.edu.tw S9021 王德財 應數系 二年級 … Notes: 1. Only contents are encoded in the XML text. 2. All data are annotated by tags indicating their roles or functions in the message. XML’s concerns

7. XML Introduction Transparency No. 7 Where does XML come from ? a simplified subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) standardized in 1986, based on the Generalized Markup Language invented by IBM in 1969 simplified for more general use on the Web and as a data interchange format. without losing extensibility, easier for anyone to write valid XML. easier to write a parser easier for the parser to quickly verify that documents are well-formed and/or valid. 1.0 recommended by W3c at Feb. 1998. 1.1 recommended at Feb. 2004.

8. XML Introduction Transparency No. 8 What is the status of XML? embraced by all of the leaders in the computer industry. many vertical industries are embracing XML for its ability to expedite the availability of their domain-specific information for internal and external use. IBM, Microsoft, Sun, Oracle, HP, … There are many W3C-proposed extensions to XML. Most use the XML language, which minimizes the differences in syntax that must be learned. See XML at W3c XML at W3c or The XML Cover Pages for most up-to-date information.

9. XMLTA2003 Transparency No. 1 Why do we need XML ? or What can XML bring us?

10. XML Introduction Transparency No. 10 XML unifies the syntax of information Layer of information(data): bit byte character BCD EBCDIC ASCII BIG5 ISO-8859 ==> UNICODE syntax(form) XML semantics (ontology) Semantic Web Application Semantic Web: an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. --- Tim Berners-Lee et.al.

11. XML Introduction Transparency No. 11 New desired requirements in the internet age Easy retrieval of information over the net realized by current Web/internet technology good browser, web server HTTP, DNS, search engines. HTML, URI, HyperText, MIME Easy/cheap interoperation of existing softwares in the internet. also the old goal of distributed system/computing RPC, RMI, CORBA,... a prerequisite for eCommerce issues: data transmission ==> solved by existing internet infrastructure data representations ?

12. XML Introduction Transparency No. 12 Why needing a unifying format for data ? Case: 10 word processors, each need to be able to process docs generated by any other. 1st approach: write a converter A-->B for any A and B. #converter = n x (n-1) = 90 (bad!) 2nd approach: invent a common format (C). write a pair of converters (A --> C, C-->A) for each word processor. To process doc generated from A by B, simply A --(A-->C)-- C -- (C-->B) -- B required converts: 2 x n = 20 (much better!) prerequisite: need a common format. This is what XML plays!!

13. XML Introduction Transparency No. 13 Example:XML in EDA (Electric Design Automation)

14. XML Introduction Transparency No. 14 Additional benefits of XML (as a common format) Free (or cheap) cost of obtaining required software for processing XML. without the need to reinvent the wheel. can focus on value-added software based on these underlying software. Decoupling of tightly-coupled distributed systems into loosely one. less monopolization of software by vendors more selections of combinations for buyers more chances of contributing softwares for small company. less investment for buyers.

15. XML Introduction Transparency No. 15 Application type of current World-Wide Web Three-tier WWW architecture : Major information flows (for human information retrieval): (human) -->client browser --(http)--> webServer --> CGI(query) --> databases -->wrap result into html or other MIME formats --(http) ---> browser ---(data rendering) --> human major interactions and interchanged data formats: application type: information retrieval Man ---(html/MIME)--- machine(browser+web server) web server ----(machine dependent)--- backend system (databases)

16. XML Introduction Transparency No. 16 IE5,6 NETSCAPE... IIS apache client browser web server client browser the internet databases file system databases file system databases file system query result tables query(post,get) http html/text gif/jpeg video/audio

17. XML Introduction Transparency No. 17 The other major WWW applications: business applications

18. XML Introduction Transparency No. 18 Additional Interactions for WWW business applications New application type : web service additional interactions backend business system webserver webserver backend business system Problem: Too many data formats exist among the systems and web servers understanding all kinds of data formats are hard to implement. Solution: define a universal or a small set of universal data formats and require all systems to transmit data using such formats. but the existing HTML + MIME formats not enough ? NO!! HTML, while amendable to human via browsers, is not easy for machine to understand/retrieve data.

19. XML Introduction Transparency No. 19 Advantages of XML over HTML XML can define your own tags. XML tags describe the content, rather than the presentation of that content easier for content search (no annoying presentation data). easier for page development (separating content from view) easy for devices to render the contents depending on its environments (single model/multiple views) Notes for the next figure: searches can be applied to XML data more easily, and the result can be rendered differently, depending on the destination device. the XML processor can exist on the server, the client, or both.

20. XML Introduction Transparency No. 20 work done by the XML processor in response to a client request: 1.collect data from related data sources 2.merge sources into a unifying content 3.rendering data depending on the client’s environment.

21. XML Introduction Transparency No. 21 Business area benefited from XML use e-commerce there are now many specific XML languages to describe orders, transactions, inventory, and billing. These open XML languages will allow manufacturers, retailers, and consumers, even banking and accounting systems to share the same data. Meaningful searches, platform independence If Web data (contents) is encoded in XML, customers can find your product or service, and purchase it, without regard for the used (server/client) platforms. Data accessibility XML schema allow XML documents to encode the datatype information and relationships in existing databases.

22. XML Introduction Transparency No. 22 Business area benefited from XML use XML extensions such as XQuery can be used to specify queries within XML. Database information can be immediately accessible as XML on corporate intranets or the Web.  XML views provided now by most venders

23. XML Introduction Transparency No. 23 Business area benefited from XML use Application simplification Today's applications suffer from file-format bloat. XML's open and extensible nature allows us to represent all of the functionality of different existing formats in one XML domain-specific grammar. enable the sharing of data over the Internet.  Since the actual data but not its presentation is encoded, it may be presented on any output device from the PC with a browser to the cell-phone and small PDA.

24. XML Introduction Transparency No. 24 Comparison of XML and Other formats HTML discussed Text-based non-markup formats.c.cpp.java.ini … Binary formats.dll.exe.o.swf.class.png.jpeg …

25. XML Introduction Transparency No. 25 Advantage of XML over text formats Ex: JavaML v.s Java; CppML v.s Cpp XMI v.s rational’s proprietary format web.xml, plugin.xml v.s ***.ini (for configuration) build.xml v.s. makefile XQuery XML format v.s plain text format RelaxNG XML v.s. plain text format advantage: structure explicitly represented in the XML format. (free and) standard tools (and API) exists for quick parsing of the XML format. => front-end processing avoided/reduced disadvantage: too verbose. for storage and transmission.  can be overcome by compression for human generation; (not a problem for machine generation)  require smarter editor for human reading/comprehension:  a real problem!!

26. XML Introduction Transparency No. 26 Advantage of XML over binary formats Example: classML v.s.clss file format. swfml v.s swf (Flash file format) XER v.s. BER for ASN.1 advantage: readable; editable (free and) open software and APIs available disadvantage: take longer time to parse and transmit. The trend: one data model/ multi representation formats + converters among the formats.

27. XML Introduction Transparency No. 27 Core specifications for XML XML 1.0 XML Namespace XML Path language (XPath) XML Stylesheet Langugae (XSL) XSL Transformation language (XSLT) XSL formating Objects (XSLFO) XML Linking language (XLink) XML Pointer Langugae (XPointer) XML schemas (; RelaxNG) XHTML XML signatures/canonicalization XML protocols XMLForm XQuery (XML language for Querying XML Documents)

28. XML Introduction Transparency No. 28 Core Specifications for XML XML document type definition (DTD) : a utility used to define the formats and contents of valid XML documents. a specification to define what kinds of texts are well-formed XML document XML namespace Define a mechanism to avoid collision of elements and/or attribute names in documents using multiple sets of DTDs. Xlink Define the mechanism for linking to web resources from an XML document. Xpointer Define a mechanism for linking to inside an XML document. XPath Define a mechanism to refer to part of an XML document

29. XML Introduction Transparency No. 29 XSL ( XML Stylesheet Language) a language for expressing stylesheets. consists of two parts: XSLT : a language (in XML format) used to describe how to transform an XML document into one in XML or non- XML format. XSLFO: an XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics. An XSL stylesheet specifies the presentation of a class of XML documents by describing how an instance of the class is transformed into an XML document that uses the formatting vocabulary.

30. XML Introduction Transparency No. 30

31. XML Introduction Transparency No. 31 XML Schema A planned replacement of DTD. used to define the structures and formats of various messages encoded in XML format. another competing alternative: RelaxNG consists of three documents: Part 0: a primer  an easy-to-understand introcuction Part 2: Datatypes  define tens of frequently used bulit-in datatypes Part 3: structures  specifies the XML Schema definition language, offers facilities for describing the structure and constraining the contents of XML documents

32. XML Introduction Transparency No. 32 API for XML documents DOM (level 1, 2 & 3) : Document Object Model Tree-based XML API language independent SAX (version 1 & 2) : Simple API for XML Document, Event-based XML API JDOM, dom4j, XOM (XML APIs for Java) DOM for Java Tree-based, simpler version of DOM easier to use than DOM, suitable for Java only

33. XML Introduction Transparency No. 33 How can XML be used ? XML was designed to store, carry and exchange data. It was not designed to display data. As a syntax format: XML is used to Exchange Data With XML, data can be exchanged between incompatible systems. XML and B2B : With XML, financial information can be exchanged over the Internet. XML can be used to Share Data With XML, plain text files can be used to share data. XML can be used to Store Data With XML, plain text files can be used to store data and object. As a meta language (for defining data structure) XML can be used to Create new Languages XML is the mother of WML, SVG, SMIL, GXL, XHTML, CML,...

34. XML Introduction Transparency No. 34 XML can make your Data more Useful With XML, your data is available to more users. For sensible developers All sensible developers should have all their future applications exchange data in XML.

35. XML Introduction Transparency No. 35 What can we do about XML XML processing tools: XML parser; XML editors; XML-existing format converter XML2HTML; DTD2DCD ; DCDeditor Various Domain-specific XML rendering tools  graphical XML --> Graphic DTD manager, schema tools, soap processor, web service tools/IDE/system XML-enabled services/applications: make your application software capable of serving request from internet (without special prerequisite) and requesting other internet on-line service.

36. XML Introduction Transparency No. 36 What can we do about XML ? XML document design/application development Design standard XML format for various domains  order, transaction, billing, product for business domain  mathematical formula, chemical formula in science  Graph/graphics markup language ; Others: ?  academic artifacts: OODesign (XMI), graph(GXL), petriNet, java Object (XML encoding), AST,...  require cooperation of XML experts and domain experts. XMLize legacy system data/database  domain: 一般企業 : 之 人事 庫存 客戶 產品 產品使用手冊 公文 ; 醫院 學校 政府機關 ( 戶政 地政 稅捐...) : 病例 藥品 課程 戶籍 地籍 稅務  Approaches: –change old format to new XML format, and optionally, provide a view of old format. –two formats coexisting. –preserve old format, provide a new XML view.

37. XML Introduction Transparency No. 37 XML information Java Sun’s java site: (http://java.sun.com/) The java tutorial (http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/) is a nice book to begin with. Information sources for XML: W3C site: http://www.w3.org/ SGML/XML home page: http://xml.coverpages.org/ XML com: http://www.xml.com/ XML university: http://www.xmlu.com/ XML page of leading computer companies  Microsoft: http://www.microsoft.com/xml/  IBM: http://www.ibm.com/developer/xml/  sun: http://java.sun.com/xml See the course page for more.

38. XML Introduction Transparency No. 38 XML applications XML as an alternative representation format (SVG) Scalar Vector Graph : for vector graph (MathML) : for mathematical expressions SMIL (Synchronized Multimedium Integration language): Resource Description Framework (RDF) : an XML language for describing web resources and their relationship CML (Chemical Markup Language) : for chemical molecule JCML : XML format for java bytecodes (object code) JavaML : for java programs CppML : XML formats for C++ Ant : a replacement of make for java OOML : a OO PL in XML UIML : user interface Markup language WAP WML (Wireless Markup Language)

39. XML Introduction Transparency No. 39 A partial list of XML applications and industry initiatives W3C Specifications Documentation Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) XCES: Corpus Encoding Standard for XML Encoding and Markup for Texts of the Ancient Near East Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL) Perseus Project Channel Definition Format, CDF (Based on XML) RDF Rich Site Summary (RSS) Open Content Syndication (OCS) Web Modeling Language (WebML) Portable Site Information (PSI) XHTML and 'XML-Based' HTML Modules W3C Document Object Model (DOM), Level 1 Specification Web Collections using XML Meta Content Framework Using XML (MCF) XML-Data Namespaces in XML Resource Description Framework (RDF) Ontology Interchange Language (OIL) The Australia New Zealand Land Information Council (ANZLIC) - Metadata Alexandria Digital Library Project ATLA Serials Project (ATLAS)

40. XML Introduction Transparency No. 40 XML in law BiblioML - XML for UNIMARC Bibliographic Records Medlane XMLMARC Experiment - MARC to XML e-Government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF) US Federal CIO Council XML Working Group XML Metadata Interchange Format (XMI) - Object Management Group (OMG) OMG Common Warehouse Metadata Interchange (CWMI) Specification Object Management Group XML/Value RFP MDC Open Information Model (OIM) Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Open Archives Metadata Set (OAMS) Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata (PRISM) Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) XML and Petri Nets Outline Processor Markup Language (OPML) ParlML: A Common Vocabulary for Parliamentary Language Legal XML Working Group COSCA/NACM JTC XML Court Filing Project New Mexico District Court XML Interface (XCI)

41. XML Introduction Transparency No. 41 XML and multimedia Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) Multimodal Presentation Markup Language (MPML) Moving Picture Experts Group: MPEG-7 Standard DIG35: Metadata Standard for Digital Images W3C Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Precision Graphics Markup Language (PGML) Vector Markup Language (VML) Image Markup Language (IML) VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) and X3D Extensible Graph Markup and Modeling Language (XGMML) Structured Graph Format (SGF) Graph Exchange Language (GXL) Petri Net Markup Language (PNML)

42. XML Introduction Transparency No. 42 XML in chemistry and biochemistry Georgia State University Electronic Court Filing Project Web Standards Project (WSP) Open Software Description Format (OSD) XLF (Extensible Log Format) Initiative ALURe (Aggregation and Logging of User Requests) XML Specification Apache XML Project WAP Wireless Markup Language Specification The SyncML Initiative Materials Property Data Markup Language (MatML) Measurement Units Markup Language XML-Based 'eStandard' for the Chemical Industry Chemical Markup Language Molecular Dynamics [Markup] Language (MoDL) StarDOM - Transforming Scientific Data into XML Bioinformatic Sequence Markup Language (BSML) BIOpolymer Markup Language (BIOML) CellML Gene Expression Markup Language (GEML) Genome Annotation Markup Elements (GAME)

43. XML Introduction Transparency No. 43 XML and Finance Microarray Markup Language (MAML) XML for Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAML) Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) OMG Gene Expression RFP Taxonomic Markup Language XDELTA: XML Format for Taxonomic Information Virtual Hyperglossary (VHG) Weather Observation Definition Format (OMF) Open Philanthropy Exchange (OPX) Open Financial Exchange (OFX/OFE) Interactive Financial Exchange (IFX) FinXML - 'The Digital Language for Capital Markets' Investment Research Markup Language (IRML) Extensible Financial Reporting Markup Language (XFRML) Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) XMLPay Specification Trading Partner Agreement Markup Language (tpaML) Internet Open Trading Protocol (IOTP) Financial Products Markup Language (FpML)

44. XML Introduction Transparency No. 44 XML messaging ( or XML Protocols) XML Mail Transport Protocol (XMTP) for XML SMTP and MIME Representation HTML Threading - Use of HTML in Email XML Messaging (IETF) Jabber XML Protocol XML Messaging Specification (XMSG) M Project: Java XML-Based Messaging System HTTP Distribution and Replication Protocol (DRP) Information and Content Exchange (ICE)

45. XML Introduction Transparency No. 45 FAML DTD for Financial Research Documents Mortgage Bankers Association of America MISMO Standard Digital Property Rights Language (DPRL) Extensible Rights Markup Language (XrML) Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) Research Information Exchange Markup Language (RIXML) Data Link for Intermediaries Markup Language (daliML) XML-MP: XML Mortgage Partners Framework EcoKnowMICS ML Electronic Book Exchange (EBX) Working Group FIXML - A Markup Language for the FIX Application Message Layer Bank Internet Payment System (BIPS) smartX ['SmartCard'] Markup Language (SML)

46. XML Introduction Transparency No. 46 Secure XML XML and Encryption XML Digital Signature (Signed XML - IETF/W3C) XML Key Management Specification (XKMS) Security Services Markup Language (S2ML) AuthXML Standard for Web Security Digital Signatures for Internet Open Trading Protocol (IOTP) XML Encoding of SPKI Certificates Digital Receipt Infrastructure Initiative Digest Values for DOM (DOMHASH) Signed Document Markup Language (SDML)

47. XML Introduction Transparency No. 47 Real Estate Transaction Markup Language (RETML) OpenMLS and RELML (Real Estate Listing Markup Language) Data Consortium (Real Estate Standards) Comprehensive Real Estate Transaction Markup Language (CRTML) ACORD - XML for the Insurance Industry iLingo XML Schemas for Insurance Customer Profile Exchange (CPEX) Working Group Customer Support Consortium XML for the Automotive Industry - SAE J2008 Spacecraft Markup Language (SML) XML.ORG - The XML Industry Portal X-ACT - XML Active Content Technologies Council Electronic Business XML Initiative (ebXML) BASDA eBIS-XML Portal Markup Language (PML) EDGARspace Portal DII Common Operating Environment (COE) XML Registry StarOffice XML File Format Open eBook Initiative ONIX International XML DTD NISO Digital Talking Books (DTB)

48. XML Introduction Transparency No. 48 OpenMath Standard OMDoc: A Standard for Mathematical Documents Mathematical Markup Language Re-Useable Data Language (RDL)" OpenTag Markup Metadata - PICS MIX - Mediation of Information Using XML CDIF XML-Based Transfer Format Covad xLink API (XML-Based DSL Provisioning) WebBroker: Distributed Object Communication on the Web Web Interface Definition Language (WIDL) Global Engineering Networking Initiative (GEN) XML/EDI - Electronic Data Interchange XML/EDI Repository Working Group

49. XML Introduction Transparency No. 49 Global Uniform Interoperable Data Exchange (GUIDE) BizCodes Initiative Universal Data Element Framework (UDEF) European XML/EDI Workshop EEMA EDI/EC Work Group - XML/EDI ANSI ASC X12/XML and DISA OpenTravel Alliance (OTA) Hospitality Industry Technology Integration Standards (HITIS) Project Open Catalog Protocol (OCP) eCatalog XML (eCX) vCard Electronic Business Card Customer Identity / Name and Address Markup Language (CIML, NAML) AND Global Address XML Definition Historical Event Markup and Linking iCalendar XML DTD

50. XML Introduction Transparency No. 50 EC FrameWorks CommerceNet Industry Initiative eCo Interoperability Framework Specification BizTalk Framework eCo Framework Project and Working Group Commerce XML (cXML) SMBXML: An Open Standard for Small to Medium Sized Businesses RosettaNet

51. XML Introduction Transparency No. 51 XML Encoded Form Values Capability Card: An Attribute Certificate in XML Telecommunications Interchange Markup (TIM, TCIF/IPI) aecXML Working Group - Architecture, Engineering and Construction Building Construction Extensible Markup Language (bcXML) MasterBuilder Construction Management and Accounting Green Building XML (gbXML) Product Data Markup Language (PDML) Product Definition Exchange (PDX) Electronic Component Information Exchange (ECIX) and Pinnacles Component Information Standard (PCIS) ECIX QuickData Specifications ECIX Component Information Dictionary Standard (CIDS) ECIX Timing Diagram Markup Language (TDML) XML and Electronic Design Automation (EDA) Encoded Archival Description (EAD) UML eXchange Format (UXF) XML Data Binding Specification Translation Memory eXchange (TMX) P3P Specification: Platform for Privacy Preferences Extensible Name Service (XNS) Dialogue Moves Markup Language (DMML)

52. XML Introduction Transparency No. 52 Scripting News in XML InterX.org Initiative Document Encoding and Structuring Specification for Electronic Recipe Transfer (DESSERT) NuDoc Technology Coins: Tightly Coupled JavaBeans and XML Elements DMTF Common Information Model (CIM) Universal Plug and Play Forum XML Transition Network Definition (XTND) Process Interchange Format XML (PIF-XML) (XML) Topic Maps DARPA Agent Mark Up Language (DAML) Rule Markup Language (RuleML) Relational-Functional Markup Language (RFML) Ontology and Conceptual Knowledge Markup Languages Information Flow Framework Language (IFF) Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (SHOE) XOL - XML-Based Ontology Exchange Language Description Logics Markup Language (DLML) Case Based Markup Language (CBML) Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) Physics Markup Language (PhysicsML)

53. XML Introduction Transparency No. 53 Procedural Markup Language (PML) QAML - The Q&A Markup Language LACITO Projet Archivage de données linguistiques sonores et textuelles [Linguistic Data Archiving Project] Geography Markup Language (GML) LandXML Navigation Markup Language (NVML) Extensible Data Format (XDF) Gemini Observatory Project NASA Goddard Astronomical Data Center (ADC) 'Scientific Dataset' XML Extensible Scientific Interchange Language (XSIL) Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT) and XML Astronomical Markup Language Astronomical Instrument Markup Language (AIML) GedML: [GEDCOM] Genealogical Data in XML adXML.org: XML for Advertising Newspaper Association of America (NAA) - Standard for Classified Advertising Data News Industry Text Format (NITF) XMLNews: XMLNews-Story and XMLNews-Meta NewsML and IPTC2000 News Markup Language (NML) Notes Flat File Format (NFF)

54. XML Introduction Transparency No. 54 Java Help API Cold Fusion Markup Language (CFML) Document Content Description for XML (DCD) XSchema Document Definition Markup Language (DDML) Character Mapping Markup Language (CharMapML) WEBDAV (IETF 'Extensions for Distributed Authoring and Versioning on the World Wide Web') DAV Searching and Locating (DASL) Graphic Communications Association - GCA 'Paper' DTD DocBook XML DTD Apache Cocoon JavaDoc Documentation in XML JDox: XML Format for Sun Javadoc XML for Publishers and Printers (XPP) Job Definition Format (JDF) Printing Industry Markup Language (PrintML) PML: Markup Language for Paper and Printing PrintTalk Consortium printcafe eProduction eCommerce eXchange (PCX) IEEE LTSC XML Ad Hoc Group Universal Learning Format Technical Specification

55. XML Introduction Transparency No. 55 Educom Instructional Management Systems Project (IMS) Metadata Specification Learning Material Markup Language (LMML) Tutorial Markup Language (TML) International Development Markup Language (IDML) Call Processing Language (CPL) Call Policy Markup Language (CPML) VoiceXML Forum (Voice Extensible Markup Language Forum) VoxML Markup Language Telephony Markup Language (TML) DARPA Communicator Project and XML Log Standard Multilevel Annotation, Tools Engineering (MATE) Computing Environment for Linguistic, Literary, and Anthropological Research (CELLAR) Architecture and Tools for Linguistic Analysis Systems (ATLAS) TalkBank and the Codon XML-Based Annotation Framework ACE Pilot Format DTDs Transcriber - Speech Segmentation and Annotation DTD Natural Language Semantics Markup Language Extensible Telephony Markup Language (XTML) SABLE: A Standard for Text-to-Speech Synthesis Markup Speech Synthesis Markup Language Specification for the Speech Interface Framework Java Speech Markup Language (JSML/JSpeech) SpeechML

56. XML Introduction Transparency No. 56 TalkML Project Management XML Schema XML for Workflow Management [NIST] SWAP - Simple Workflow Access Protocol XML-Based Workflow [Process Management] Standard: Wf-XML Exchangeable Routing Language (XRL) Architecture Description Markup Language (ADML) Theological Markup Language (ThML) LitML: A Liturgical Markup Language XML-F ('XML for FAX') XML and Forms XHTML-FML: Forms Markup Language Extensible Forms Description Language (XFDL) XML Forms Architecture (XFA)Electronic Form System (EFS) Broadcast Hypertext Markup Language (BHTML) IEEE Standard DTD Open Settlement Protocol (OSP) - ETSI/TIPHON Directory Services Markup Language (DSML) DIF Directory Interoperability Proposal XML DTD for ACAP - ACAP Data Interchange Format WDDX - Web Distributed Data Exchange XIOP - XML Corba Environment-Specific Inter-ORB Protocol

57. XML Introduction Transparency No. 57 XML-RPC Blocks eXtensible eXchange Protocol Framework (BEEP) Layered Object Transport Protocol (LOTP) XML for Exchange of Structure and Identification of Management Information (SMI) WorldOS Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) Business Rules Markup Language (BRML) Common Business Library (CBL) Universal Commerce Language and Protocol (UCLP) VISA XML Invoice Specification First Retail Mark-up Language Open Applications Group - OAGIS Schema for Object-oriented XML (SOX) XMLTP.Org - XML Transfer Protocol The XML Bookmark Exchange Language (XBEL) Simple Object Definition Language (SODL) and XMOP Service Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) Transaction Authority Markup Language (XAML) XML Encoding Rules for ASN.1 (XER)

58. XML Introduction Transparency No. 58 Object-Oriented Programing Meta-Language (OOPML) XML and Music FlowML: A Format for Virtual Orchestras Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium National Library of Medicine (NLM) XML Data Formats ISIS European XML/EDI Healthcare Pilot Project (XMLEPR) Open Healthcare Group 'XChart' DocScope: Open Source XML Healthcare Project Health Level Seven XML Patient Record Architecture ASTM XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs) for Health Care The CISTERN Project - Standard XML Templates for Healthcare Template Definition Language (TDL) Human Resource Management Markup Language (HRMML) HR-XML Consortium XML-HR Initiative - Human Resources Rosetta Group XML Résumé Library ECMData - Electronic Component Manufacturer Data Sheet Inventory Specification Bean Markup Language (BML) The Koala Bean Markup Language (KBML) Jigsaw XML Format (JigXML) Chinese XML Now! MOS-X (Media Object Server - XML)

59. XML Introduction Transparency No. 59 FLBC (Formal Language for Business Communication) and KQML ISO 12083 XML DTDs Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Markup Language (ETD-ML) Extensible User Interface Language (XUL) The Extensible Bindings Language (XBL) User Interface Markup Language (UIML) Process Specification Language (PSL) and XML Steel Markup Language (SML) Energy Trading Standards Group (ETSG) Petrotechnical Open Software Corporation (POSC) XML Related Projects PetroXML Initiative Partner Interface Process for Energy (PIPE) Marine Trading Markup Language (MTML) Navy CALS Initiatives XML eFirst XML for Scholarly Articles XML DTD for Phone Books Using XML for RFCs Schools Interoperability Framework (SIF) Guideline XML (gXML) Extensible Protocol XML Belief Network File Format (Bayesian Networks)

60. XML Introduction Transparency No. 60 Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) Data Documentation Initiative: A Project of the Social Science Community XML and 'The Semantic Web' XML and Attribute Grammars XML and Databases SODA2 - An XML Semistructured Database System RAX - Record API for XML XML and CORBA Chess Markup Language (ChessML) Mind Reading Markup Language (MRML)

61. XML Introduction Transparency No. 61 A sketch of the XML Syntax XML is a simple data format that balances the needs of people to read/write data with the needs of machines to read/write data. -- Dan Connolly, W3C

62. XML Introduction Transparency No. 62 A sketch of XML Syntax An example XML document: Wang Chen Reminder Don't forget me this weekend! Notes: 1.The XML declaration should always be included. 2. … is the root element which has 4 children.

63. XML Introduction Transparency No. 63 張德治 李大春 <url href = "http://www.xml.com.tw/~lee/"/>

64. XML Introduction Transparency No. 64 Key terminology Element Element type (or element name) Start tag End tag [Element] Content  child element  character data Root element [document element] Attribute Attribute name Attribute value

65. XML Introduction Transparency No. 65 start-tag 張德治 李大春 <url href = "http://www.xml.com.tw/~lee/"/> end-tag [The root or document] element Element type (or name) Attributes attribute value attribute name

66. XML Introduction Transparency No. 66 All XML elements must have an end tag In HTML some elements do not have to have a closing tag. The following code is legal in HTML: This is a paragraph This is another paragraph In XML all elements must have a closing tag like this: This is a paragraph This is another paragraph

67. XML Introduction Transparency No. 67 XML tags are case sensitive XML tags are case sensitive. The tag is different from the tag. Opening and closing tags must be written with the same case: This is incorrect This is correct

68. XML Introduction Transparency No. 68 All XML elements must be properly nested In HTML some elements can be improperly nested within each other like this: This text is bold and italic In XML all elements must be properly nested within each other like this This text is bold and italic

69. XML Introduction Transparency No. 69 All XML documents must have a single root[document] element All XML documents must contain a single root element. All other elements must be nested within the root element. All elements can have sub (children) elements. Subelements must be in pairs and correctly nested within their parent element: … …

70. XML Introduction Transparency No. 70 Attribute values must always be quoted XML elements can have attributes in name/value pairs just like in HTML. In XML the attribute value must always be quoted. Tove Jani Reminder Don't forget me this weekend! Tove Jani Reminder Don't forget me this weekend!

71. XML Introduction Transparency No. 71 XML Attributes normally used to describe XML elements, or to provide additional information about elements. From HTML you can remember this construct: In this HTML example: SRC is an attribute to the IMG element. he SRC attribute provides additional information about the element.

72. XML Introduction Transparency No. 72 XML Attributes Attributes are always contained within the start tag of an element. HTML examples: XML examples: Attributes are usually used to provide information that is not a part of the content of the XML document. I.e. Often attribute data is more important to the XML parser than to the reader. in the example above, the person id is a counter value that is irrelevant to the reader, but important to software that wants to manipulate the person element.

73. XML Introduction Transparency No. 73 Use of Elements vs. Attributes Examples: Using an Attribute for sex: Anna Smith Using an Element for sex: female Anna Smith

74. XML Introduction Transparency No. 74 XML Validation Well-Formed XML documents A Well-Formed XML document is a document that conforms to the XML syntax rules that we have described. The following is a Well-Formed XML document: John Jani Reminder Don't forget me this weekend!

75. XML Introduction Transparency No. 75 Valid XML documents A Valid XML document is a Well-Formed XML document which conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD). The same Document with an added reference to a DTD: Tove Jani Reminder Don't forget me this weekend!