1. 6.1 © 2002 by Prentice Hall c h a p t e r 6 6 MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS

2. 6.2 © 2002 by Prentice Hall DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWAREDESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMSEXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMS EXAMINE APPLICATION LANGUAGES & SOFTWARE TOOLSEXAMINE APPLICATION LANGUAGES & SOFTWARE TOOLS DESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTDESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUESIDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUES* LEARNING OBJECTIVES © 2002 by Prentice Hall

3. 6.3 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES WHAT IS SOFTWARE?WHAT IS SOFTWARE? SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTCONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETSMANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS*

4. 6.4 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 1. INCREASING COMPLEXITY & SOFTWARE ERRORS 2. THE APPLICATION BACKLOG *

5. 6.5 © 2002 by Prentice Hall DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTERPROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCESSYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATIONAPPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION* SOFTWARE

6. 6.6 © 2002 by Prentice Hall PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTSSCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTSALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERSINTERPRETERS COMPILERSCOMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATAROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATASOFTWARE HARDWARE HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

7. 6.7 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 TRADITIONAL SINGLE- PROGRAM SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT

8. 6.8 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MULTITASKING MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE- USER SYSTEM SUCH AS A MICROCOMPUTER *

9. 6.9 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MULTITHREADING ABILITY TO EXECUTE DIFFERENT PARTS (THREADS) OF A PROGRAM SIMULTANEOUSLY *

10. 6.10 © 2002 by Prentice Hall VIRTUAL STORAGE METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE: PROGRAM DIVIDED INTOPROGRAM DIVIDED INTO –FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR –VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS) CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGECURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONEPORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE*

11. 6.11 © 2002 by Prentice Hall TIME SHARING MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MICROSECONDS)TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MICROSECONDS) EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICEEACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICESINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICEUSER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE*

12. 6.12 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MULTIPROCESSING TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEMTWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUsPROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLYCAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY*

13. 6.13 © 2002 by Prentice Hall SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONSSOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH- LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGECOMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH- LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTEROBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTER* LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

14. 6.14 © 2002 by Prentice Hall TRANSLATION PROCESS SOURCE CODE PROGRAM COMPILER OBJECT CODE LINKAGE EDITOR LOAD MODULE OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES UTILITY PROGRAMS PERFORM ROUTINE TASKS

15. 6.15 © 2002 by Prentice Hall GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) OPERATING SYSTEM USES: GRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons, bars, boxesGRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons, bars, boxes POINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screenPOINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screen TO ISSUE COMMANDS MAKE SELECTIONS *

16. 6.16 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS 32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, networking Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices Windows 98 & 95 Windows NT Me & 2000 Windows CE OS/2 OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES

17. 6.17 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OPERATING SYSTEM Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia UnixFor powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms DOSFor IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K LinuxFree, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source FEATURES MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

18. 6.18 © 2002 by Prentice Hall GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES *

19. 6.19 © 2002 by Prentice Hall HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applicationsFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processingCOBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC languageBASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC language*

20. 6.20 © 2002 by Prentice Hall HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES PASCAL: Used to teach structured programming practices. Weak in file handling, input / outputPASCAL: Used to teach structured programming practices. Weak in file handling, input / output C and C++: Powerful PC Language for developing applications. Efficient execution; cross platform. C++ is object orientedC and C++: Powerful PC Language for developing applications. Efficient execution; cross platform. C++ is object oriented*

21. 6.21 © 2002 by Prentice Hall FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERSCAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS NONPROCEDURALNONPROCEDURAL CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLYCAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY NATURAL LANGUAGESNATURAL LANGUAGES SIX CATEGORIESSIX CATEGORIES*

22. 6.22 © 2002 by Prentice Hall FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 1. QUERY LANGUAGES: Rapidly retrieve dataRapidly retrieve data Interactive/ on-lineInteractive/ on-line May use NATURAL LANGUAGEMay use NATURAL LANGUAGE Support special requests for data from relational databasesSupport special requests for data from relational databases*

23. 6.23 © 2002 by Prentice Hall FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 2. REPORT GENERATORS: Create customized reportsCreate customized reports Wide range of formatsWide range of formats 3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES: Can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videosCan manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos Presentation managersPresentation managers*

24. 6.24 © 2002 by Prentice Hall FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 4. APPLICATION GENERATORS: User specifies computer needsUser specifies computer needs Generator creates logic and code for applicationGenerator creates logic and code for application Greatly reduces development timeGreatly reduces development time*

25. 6.25 © 2002 by Prentice Hall FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Professional programmer productivity toolProfessional programmer productivity tool Uses fewer instructionsUses fewer instructions Reduces development timeReduces development time*

26. 6.26 © 2002 by Prentice Hall FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: Commercially available set of programs... WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION MANAGEMENTPRESENTATION MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE *

27. 6.27 © 2002 by Prentice Hall SOFTWARE TOOLS WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION GRAPHICSPRESENTATION GRAPHICS INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITESINTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES E-MAILE-MAIL WEB BROWSERSWEB BROWSERS GROUPWAREGROUPWARE*

28. 6.28 © 2002 by Prentice Hall GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES GROUP WRITING & COMMENTINGGROUP WRITING & COMMENTING ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTIONELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULING MEETINGS & APPOINTMENTSSCHEDULING MEETINGS & APPOINTMENTS SHARED FILES & DATABASESSHARED FILES & DATABASES SHARED TIME LINES & PLANSSHARED TIME LINES & PLANS ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCESELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCES*

29. 6.29 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MIDDLEWARE SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA * APPLICATION A APPLICATION B MIDDLE WARE DATA

30. 6.30 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECTCOMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDUREPROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEMOBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM CREATES REUSABLE CODECREATES REUSABLE CODE REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWAREREDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE*

31. 6.31 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker pay check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker *

32. 6.32 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTIONAPPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORKAPPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEMRUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PCRESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADEONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE*

33. 6.33 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING HTML: Hypertext markup language, current favorite for Web pages XML: eXtensible Markup Language, further development of HTML describes data more fully XHTML: Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web *

34. 6.34 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING ActiveX: Controls for Windows software environment to enable OBJECTS: e.g., CHARTSCHARTS TABLESTABLES ANIMATIONSANIMATIONS to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE *

35. 6.35 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS RENT OR BUILD DECISIONSRENT OR BUILD DECISIONS APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERSAPPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS SOFTWARE MAINTENANCESOFTWARE MAINTENANCE*

36. 6.36 © 2002 by Prentice Hall SELECTING ORGANIZATIONAL SOFTWARE APPROPRIATENESSAPPROPRIATENESS EFFICIENCYEFFICIENCY COMPATIBILITYCOMPATIBILITY SUPPORTSUPPORT*

37. 6.37 © 2002 by Prentice Hall c h a p t e r 6 6 MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS SOFTWARE ASSETS