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2 - MINERALS Building Blocks of Rocks Matter & Atomic Structure Bonding Minerals –Physical properties of minerals –Major rock-forming mineral families –Silicates - rock-forming SUPER STARS
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Structure of an Atom Protons +/1 Neutrons 0/1 Electrons -/0
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Two-dimensional representation of a 12 C atom Fig. 3.1BFig. 3.1B
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BONDING - 4 kinds IONIC - electrical charge COVALENT - sharing METALLIC - inner shell covalent bond INTERMOLECULAR - Van der Waal’s
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IONIC BONDING - electrical
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Covalent Bonding in Diamond
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Covalent Bonds in Water
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Carbon Atoms in Graphite
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MINERALS - Rock Builders NATURALLY FORMED INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE & SOLID DIAGNOSTIC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
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Galena (PbS) CRYSTALLINE SOLID
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Atomic Structure of Galena Sulfur Lead DIAGNOSTIC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
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Ionic Radii & charge of some geologically important ions allows “ionic substitution” or SOLID SOLUTION
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WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE WHAT MINERAL WILL FORM? WHAT ELEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ABUNDANCE OF EACH ELEMENT SIZE & CHARGE OF EACH ELEMENT ENVIRONMENT - SPACE, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE
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Irregular Intergrowth of Quartz
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Banded Agate
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Identify Minerals by Their Physical Properties Crystal Habit Cleavage & Fracture * Striations Hardness Specific Gravity Color Streak Luster Acid Test
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Constancy of Interfacial and Angles in Quartz Crystal Form - Constancy of Interfacial Angles
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Cleavage
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Striations: Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) FeS)
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Brian Skinner Examples MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE
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The Different Colors of Corundum Ruby Sapphire
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Streak - color of rock power
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GALENA (Pb S) - Identified by: crystal habit luster specific gravity hardness
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Acid Test
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Average Composition of the Continental Crust Weight PercentVolume Percent Si O O
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COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERAL FAMILIES NATIVE ELEMENTS - GOLD, COPPER HALIDES - PRECIPITATES OXIDES - 1 METAL + OXYGEN SULFIDES - 1 METAL + SULFUR SULFATES - (SO 4 ) 2- CARBONATES - (CO 3 ) 2- SILICATES - SUPER STARS!!!
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One view of the Silica Tetrahedron
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More Views of the Silica Tetrahedron
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Linking Silicate Tetrahedra
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About Silicates There are 2 families of silicates: FERROMAGNESIAN SILICATES - Fe/Mg -> MAFIC MINERALS NONFERROMAGNESIAN or ALUMINO- SILICATES -> FELSIC MINERALS
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Olivine: formed from single silica tetrahedra (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4
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Cleavage in the Chain Silicates Pyroxene Amphibole
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Framework (example: quartz)
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SHEET SILICATES Clay: a sheet silicate
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GREEN FELDSPAR
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Polished Section ~1 cm
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Thin Section
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Thin section under ordinary light Magnetite Mica Quartz Feldspar
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Thin section under polarized light
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