1. 1 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Communication Networks Recitation 1

2. 2 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Administrative David RazDavid Raz –Schreiber M21, (640)6455 –Email: davidraz@post.tau.ac.il davidraz@post.tau.ac.il –website: http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~davidraz/courses/c omnet06/ http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~davidraz/courses/c omnet06/ http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~davidraz/courses/c omnet06/ –Grader: zurhadas@post.tau.ac.il –Grader: Hadas Zur zurhadas@post.tau.ac.il zurhadas@post.tau.ac.il

3. 3 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets TCP/IP Socket Programming

4. 4 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets What is a socket? An interface between application and the networkAn interface between application and the network The application can send/receive data to/from the network -- communicateThe application can send/receive data to/from the network -- communicate Application Network API Protocol A Protocol B Protocol C

5. 5 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets A Socket-eye view of the Internet Each host machine has an IP addressEach host machine has an IP address medellin.cs.columbia.edu (128.59.21.14) cluster.cs.columbia.edu (128.59.21.14, 128.59.16.7, 128.59.16.5, 128.59.16.4) newworld.cs.umass.edu (128.119.245.93)

6. 6 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Ports Port 0 Port 1 Port 65535 Each host has 65,536 portsEach host has 65,536 ports Some ports are reserved for specific appsSome ports are reserved for specific apps –20,21: FTP –23: Telnet –80: HTTP

7. 7 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Address Pair An address is an IP+portAn address is an IP+port A socket provides an interface to an IP:port pairA socket provides an interface to an IP:port pair Remote IP: 123.45.6.78 Remote Port: 3726 Remote IP: 123.45.6.78 Remote Port: 3726 Local IP: 111.22.3.4 Local Port: 2249 Local IP: 111.22.3.4 Local Port: 2249

8. 8 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Functions needed: Specify local and remote communication endpointsSpecify local and remote communication endpoints Initiate a connectionInitiate a connection Send and receive dataSend and receive data Terminate a connectionTerminate a connection

9. 9 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Socket Creation in C: socket() int s = socket(domain, type, protocol);int s = socket(domain, type, protocol); –s: socket descriptor (an integer, like a file-handle) –domain: integer, communication domain e.g., PF_INET (IPv4 protocol) – typically usede.g., PF_INET (IPv4 protocol) – typically used –type: communication type SOCK_STREAM: reliable, 2-way, connection-based serviceSOCK_STREAM: reliable, 2-way, connection-based service SOCK_DGRAM: unreliable, connectionless,SOCK_DGRAM: unreliable, connectionless, –protocol: specifies protocol (see file /etc/protocols for a list of options) - usually set to 0

10. 10 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Socket Descriptor Data Structure Descriptor Table 0 1 2 3 4 Family: PF_INET Service: SOCK_STREAM Local IP: 111.22.3.4 Remote IP: 123.45.6.78 Local Port: 2249 Remote Port: 3726 Family: PF_INET Service: SOCK_STREAM Local IP: 111.22.3.4 Remote IP: 123.45.6.78 Local Port: 2249 Remote Port: 3726

11. 11 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Two essential types of sockets SOCK_STREAMSOCK_STREAM –a.k.a. TCP –reliable delivery –in-order guaranteed –connection-oriented –bidirectional SOCK_DGRAMSOCK_DGRAM –a.k.a. UDP –unreliable delivery –no order guarantees –no notion of “connection” –can send or receive App socket 3 2 1 Dest. App socket 3 2 1 D1 D3 D2

12. 12 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets The bind() function associates and (can exclusively) reserves a port for use by the socketassociates and (can exclusively) reserves a port for use by the socket Done by the serverDone by the server int status = bind(sockid, &addrport, size);int status = bind(sockid, &addrport, size); –status: error status, = -1 if bind failed –sockid: integer, socket descriptor –addrport: struct sockaddr, the (IP) address and port of the machine. (address usually set to INADDR_ANY – chooses a local address) –size: the size (in bytes) of the addrport structure

13. 13 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets The struct sockaddr The generic:The generic: struct sockaddr { u_short sa_family; char sa_data[14]; }; –sa_family specifies which address family is being usedspecifies which address family is being used determines how the remaining 14 bytes are useddetermines how the remaining 14 bytes are used The Internet-specific:The Internet-specific: struct sockaddr_in { short sin_family; u_short sin_port; struct in_addr sin_addr; char sin_zero[8]; }; –sin_family = AF_INET –sin_port: port # (0- 65535) –sin_addr: IP-address –sin_zero: unused

14. 14 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Address and port byte-ordering r Problem: m different machines / OS’s use different word orderings little-endian: lower bytes first big-endian: higher bytes first m these machines may communicate with one another over the network 128.119.40.12 1281194012 12.40.119.128 1281194012 Big-Endian machine Little-Endian machine

15. 15 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Network Byte Order All values stored in a sockaddr_in must be in network byte order.All values stored in a sockaddr_in must be in network byte order. Whenever the source of the address isn’t the network, use htonl and htonsWhenever the source of the address isn’t the network, use htonl and htons

16. 16 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Example int sock; sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (sock<0) { /* ERROR */ } struct sockaddr_in myaddr; myaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; myaddr.sin_port = htons( 80 ); myaddr.sin_addr = htonl( INADDR_ANY ); bind(sock, &myaddr, sizeof(myaddr));

17. 17 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Connection Setup (SOCK_STREAM) A connection occurs between two kinds of participantsA connection occurs between two kinds of participants –passive: waits for an active participant to request connection –active: initiates connection request to passive side Once connection is established, passive and active participants are “similar”Once connection is established, passive and active participants are “similar” –both can send & receive data –either can terminate the connection

18. 18 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Connection setup cont’d Passive participantPassive participant –step 1: listen (for incoming requests) –step 3: accept (a request) –step 4: data transfer The accepted connection is on a new socketThe accepted connection is on a new socket The old socket continues to listenThe old socket continues to listen Active participantActive participant –step 2: request & establish connection –step 4: data transfer Passive Participant l-socka-sock-1a-sock-2 Active 1 socket Active 2 socket

19. 19 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Connection est.: listen() & accept() Called by passive participantCalled by passive participant int status = listen(sock, queuelen);int status = listen(sock, queuelen); –status: 0 if listening, -1 if error –sock: integer, socket descriptor –queuelen: integer, # of active participants that can “wait” for a connection int s = accept(sock, &name, &namelen);int s = accept(sock, &name, &namelen); –s: integer, the new socket (used for data-transfer) –sock: integer, the orig. socket (being listened on) –name: struct sockaddr, address of the active participant –namelen: sizeof(name): value/result parameter

20. 20 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Connection est.: connect() Called by active participantCalled by active participant int status = connect(sock, &name, namelen);int status = connect(sock, &name, namelen); –status: 0 if successful connect, -1 otherwise –sock: integer, socket to be used in connection –name: struct sockaddr: address of passive participant –namelen: integer, sizeof(name)

21. 21 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Server example int sock; sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (sock<0) { /* ERROR */ } struct sockaddr_in myaddr; myaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; myaddr.sin_port = htons( 80 ); myaddr.sin_addr = htonl( INADDR_ANY ); bind(sock, &myaddr, sizeof(myaddr));

22. 22 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Server example listen(sock, 5); int new_sock; struct sockaddr_in their_addr; sin_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); new_sock = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&their_addr, &sin_size);

23. 23 Netcomm 2006 - Recitation 1: Sockets Client example int sock; sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (sock<0) { /* ERROR */ } struct sockaddr_in dest_addr; dest_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; dest_addr.sin_port = htons( 80 ); dest_addr.sin_addr = inet_addr(“128.2.5.10”); connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&dest_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr));