1. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Orbital Space Settlements Al Globus March 2000 A scientist discovers what exists An engineer creates what never was von Karmon

2. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/

5. http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/photos/sts71/mir-imax/hmg0018.jpg

6. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ People Live Everywhere Every continent, including Antarctica Hottest, driest deserts Coldest, iciest regions Wettest rain forests On water For short periods, in orbit 6,000,000,000 people on Earth

7. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Life is Everywhere On nearly all land areas In nearly all waters In the rocks under the Earth In near-boiling water In ice On desert rocks On a spacecraft on the Moon

8. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Next Target: Orbit Your lifetime: thousands of people living in orbit A few centuries: most of humanity in orbit. Next millenium: generation ships to the stars

9. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Orbital Space Settlement Who? Ordinary people. What? Artificial ecosystems inside gigantic rotating, pressurized spacecraft. Where? In orbit; near Earth at first. How? With great difficulty. Why? To grow. When? Decades. How much will it cost? If you have to ask, you can't afford it.

10. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Who Today: highly trained astronauts. –200-400 million pesos tourist trip to Mir Tomorrow: everyone who wants to go. –100 - 10,000,000 people per colony –Ultimately, thousands or even millions of colonies Sounds unrealistic? –A hundred years ago nobody had ever flown in an airplane. –Today ~ 500 million person/flights per year.

11. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ What A space settlement is a home in orbit, not just a place to work. Live on the inside of air-tight, kilometer scale, rotating spacecraft.

12. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Where In orbit, not on a planet or moon. Moon (1/6g) and Mars (3/8g) gravity too low. –Children will not have the bones and muscles needed to visit Earth. –Orbital colonies rotate for 1g. Continuous solar energy. Large-scale construction easier. Much closer: hours not days or months.

13. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ How Materials –Moon Oxygen, silicon, metals, some hydrogen for water. –Near-Earth Asteroids Wide variety of materials including water, carbon, metals, and silicon. –Radiation protection Life support: Biosphere II scientific failure, engineering success! Transportation critical and difficult.

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15. Why Growth = survival. Largest asteroid converted to space settlements can produce living area ~500 times the surface area of the Earth. –3D object to 2D shells –Uncrowded homes for trillions of people. –New land. Nice place to live.

16. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Real Estate Features Great views Low/0-g recreation –Human powered flight –Cylindrical swimming pools –Dance, gymnastics –Sports: football (soccer) Environmental independence Custom living –Weather art

17. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ When A few decades should be sufficient to build the first one. No serious effort now. Technology requirements: –Safer, cheaper launch –Extraterrestrial materials –Large scale orbital construction –Closed ecological life support systems –And much more

18. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ How much will it cost? A lot. –How much did Mexico City cost? Orbital space settlements will be far more expensive: –all materials imported –transportation difficult –build all life support –hostile environment –new techniques must be developed

19. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Key Problem: Launch

20. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ 2020 Tourism Hotel Doctors Maids Cooks Recreational directors Reservation clerks etc. These may be the first colonists.

21. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Low/0-g Handicapped/Elderly Colony No wheelchairs needed. No bed sores. Easy to move body even when weak. Never fall and break hip. Grandchildren will love to visit. First facilities for the extremely rich. Need good medical facilities. Probably can’t return to Earth.

22. http://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/ Conclusion The colonization of the solar system is the next great adventure for humanity. There is nothing but rock and radiation in space, no living things, no people. The solar system is waiting to be brought to life by humanity's touch.