1. Circulation and censorship Isabel Chumbo © Polytechnic Institute Bragança PORTUGAL Foreign Literature during Estado Novo

2. Outline Context Context Success of translated literature Success of translated literature Reports by censors Reports by censors Conclusion Conclusion

3. Context Oliveira Salazar (1932-68) Oliveira Salazar (1932-68) Marcelo Caetano (1968-74) Marcelo Caetano (1968-74) Propaganda Office (Secretariado da Propaganda Nacional – SPN) Propaganda Office (Secretariado da Propaganda Nacional – SPN) Political Police (PIDE) Political Police (PIDE)

4. Censorship and translation Newspapers Newspapers Prior censorship Prior censorship Magazines Magazines Post censorship Books

5. Translated Literature Low cost book collections Low cost book collections Survival of publishers and translators was guaranteed Survival of publishers and translators was guaranteed Critics complained Critics complained E.g. Livros RTP / Clássicos Inquérito

6. Reporting on translations Émile Zola – A Alegria de Viver (1943) Émile Zola – A Alegria de Viver (1943) should not be authorized due to some “very detailed passages, which makes its publication inconvenient”. But it is published. Charlotte Brontë - O Professor (1943) Charlotte Brontë - O Professor (1943) “causing social upheaval”. “Therefore the book should be forbidden”. Schopenhauer Da Vida, do Amor e da Morte (1944) the "translation is not convenient". Erasmus - O Elogio da Loucura (1945) Erasmus - O Elogio da Loucura (1945) “I don’t like the book. Since it's nothing but a translation it's not harmful, but if I was to decide on the original I would disapprove it". French translation of Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men /Des Souris et des Hommes (1960) French translation of Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men /Des Souris et des Hommes (1960) “This book is full of slang which makes the translation very difficult. Since this is in French and will therefore never reach large audiences, it may be authorized”.

7. Conclusion Censorship in books was subjective: but easier to translate than to be original Several questions