1. THE FAMILY AS A SYSTEM Parents influence children Children influence parents

2. CHANGES IN FAMILY SYSTEMS (in the latter half of this century) More single adults Postponement of marriage

3. CHANGES IN FAMILY SYSTEMS (in the latter half of this century) American Cohabiting Couples by Presence of Children (1960 – 1998)

4. CHANGES IN FAMILY SYSTEMS (in the latter half of this century) More single adults Postponement of marriage Less childbearing More females in labor force

5. CHANGES IN FAMILY SYSTEMS (in the latter half of this century) More single adults Postponement of marriage Less childbearing More females in labor force More divorce

6. CHANGES IN FAMILY SYSTEMS (in the latter half of this century) More single adults Postponement of marriage Less childbearing More females in labor force More divorce More single-parent families

7. THE FAMILY The single-parent, post divorce family is a common phenomenon of the past two decades; now, however, the number of children living with single parents who never married is almost equal to the number living with single parents who are divorced. In 1970, just 7% of American children in single-parent homes had a never- married parent. Source: U.S. Census data; 1994.

8. THE FAMILY

9. CHANGES IN FAMILY SYSTEMS (in the latter half of this century) More single adults Postponement of marriage Less childbearing More females in labor force More divorce More single-parent families More children in poverty

10. THE FAMILY

11. CHANGES IN FAMILY SYSTEMS (in the latter half of this century) More remarriage

12. THE FAMILY

14. SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS Sibling rivalry Siblings: comfort and secure base role models teachers equal-status playmates managers/caretakers

15. THE NON-TRADITIONAL FAMILY Adoption Gay and Lesbian Families Sexual orientation of adult children raised by lesbian mothers, gay fathers, and single-parent heterosexual mothers. Adapted from Bailey et al., 1995: Golombok & Tasker, 1996.

16. THE NON-TRADITIONAL FAMILY Adoption Gay and Lesbian Families Divorce Effects on Children:

17. THE NON-TRADITIONAL FAMILY The Effects of Divorce on Children:

18. THE NON-TRADITIONAL FAMILY Factors Mediating the Effects of Divorce on Children:

19. THE NON-TRADITIONAL FAMILY Adoption Gay and Lesbian Families Divorce Remarriage and Blended Families

20. THE NON-TRADITIONAL FAMILY Remarriage and Blended Families Mother – Stepfather families Father – Stepmother families Age and family Constellation Handout article on abuse & stepfamilies

21. THE NON-TRADITIONAL FAMILY