1. Comics, Cartoons, and Graphic Novels: Oh My! By Lance Eaton; Lance_Eaton@uml.edu

2. Comics is a useful general term for designating the phenomenon of juxtaposing images in a sequence. Unlike static or stand-alone pieces of art, which are quite often focused on capturing a moment or invoking a response, sequential art is, with some exceptions, concerned with storytelling. So what ARE comics (or graphic novels)?

3. Composition: the selection and placement of visual symbols on a comics page and within a panel Layout: the relationship of a single panel to the succession of panels, to the totality of the page and to totality of the story; involves choices of size, sequence, and juxtaposition Multimodal: a text which communicates through more than one symbol system such as comics (visual and textual) or television (visual and aural)

4. Directionally Challenged? Panels Left to Right Top to Bottom Sometimes, context rules Text Left to Right Top to Bottom Sometimes, context rules And no, it won’t always be clear because 1.The text may interfere with the art. 2.Creators sometimes are playful with their readers.

5. Speech Balloons/Bubbles Thought Balloons/Bubbles Narrative Box/Voiceover

6. Gutter: the space between panels Panel: a discernible area that contains a moment of the story

7. Closure: applying background knowledge and an understanding of the relationships between encapsulated images to synthesize (or blend) sequences of panels into events (NOT ALL GUTTERS AND PANELS ARE EQUAL!)

8. Interanimation of meaning: images (picture or text) appearing in proximity (in a panel or on a page) can each affect the meaning of the other, and together create a meaning beyond what is communicated by each separate image

9. Paralanguage: qualities of our spoken communication (volume, emphasis, rate, quality, etc.) Onomatopoeia: invented words that mimic sounds

10. Intertextual image: a picture that reminds the reader of something he or she has encountered in other media (movies, books, paintings, TV shows, etc.) Psychological image: an image that represents some aspect of a character's personality or state of mind Emanata: Lines drawn around the head to indicate shock or surprise

12. diagetic images—pictures and words that depict characters, objects, and sensory environment of the world of the story nondiagetic material – pictures and words that are present in the graphic novel but not part of the world of the story

13. Paradigmatic choice: the chosen images and all the images that could have made sense or communicated nearly the same meaning at the same point in the panel Syntagmatic choice: the process of selecting which panels to present from the possible progression of story images that could occur Encapsulation: selecting images that capture the flow of experience and putting them in a panel

14. Paradigmatic choice Of all the images to depict their deaths, which one does the best? Syntagmatic choice What are the main points about the fire?

15. Two Main Features of Persepolis's Art Black and White Level of Abstraction In both cases, it keeps focus on the narrative and mood of the text.

16. QUESTIONS?