1. BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 11-Part I Species concepts

2. How many species currently exist?

3. How many species currently exist? about 3 million species have been described.

4. How many species currently exist? about 3 million species have been described. only about 1.5 million in any detail.

5. How many species currently exist? about 3 million species have been described. only about 1.5 million in any detail. estimates of the number of species present range from 5 million to 100 million.

6. How many species currently exist? about 3 million species have been described. only about 1.5 million in any detail. estimates of the number of species present range from 5 million to 100 million. Why the uncertainty?

7. How many species currently exist? 1. Many groups are poorly studied.

8. How many species currently exist? 1. Many groups are poorly studied. notably microorganisms and parasites.

9. How many species currently exist? 1. Many groups are poorly studied. notably microorganisms and parasites. 2. Many environments are poorly sampled.

10. How many species currently exist? 1. Many groups are poorly studied. notably microorganisms and parasites. 2. Many environments are poorly sampled. tropical environments - both terrestrial and aquatic.

11. How many species currently exist? 1. Many groups are poorly studied. notably microorganisms and parasites. 2. Many environments are poorly sampled. tropical environments - both terrestrial and aquatic. 3. Molecular approaches are identifying more and more “cryptic species”.

12. How many species currently exist? 1. Many groups are poorly studied. notably microorganisms and parasites. 2. Many environments are poorly sampled. tropical environments - both terrestrial and aquatic. 3. Molecular approaches are identifying more and more “cryptic species”. a cryptic species is indistinguishable from another species at the morphological level, but is distinguishable genetically.

13. A list of some types of species! ChronospeciesSubspecies Cosmopolitan speciesSuperspecies Cryptic speciesVicariant species Endemic speciesSister species Fugitive speciesSibling species Polytypic speciesSemispecies Relic speciesRing species Lazarus species "... I was much struck how entirely vague and arbitrary is the distinction between species and varieties" Darwin 1859. "The species problem is the long-standing failure of biologists to agree on how we should identify species and how we should define the word 'species'." Hey (2001)

14. Species Concepts 1. The Typological Species Concept (TSC, Linnaeus)

15. Species Concepts 1. The Typological Species Concept (TSC, Linnaeus) Definition: a group of individuals that differ from other groups by possessing constant diagnostic characters.

16. Species Concepts 1. The Typological Species Concept (TSC, Linnaeus) Definition: a group of individuals that differ from other groups by possessing constant diagnostic characters. based on collecting and describing a “type” specimen for a given species.

17. Problems with the TSC:

18. Problems with the TSC: 1. Polymorphism within populations Teagueia sancheziae

19. Problems with the TSC: 1. Polymorphism within populations 2. Geographic variation among populations

20. Problems with the TSC: 1. Polymorphism within populations 2. Geographic variation among populations 3. Sibling or cryptic species

21. Problems with the TSC: 1. Polymorphism within populations 2. Geographic variation among populations 3. Sibling or cryptic species sibling species are reproductively isolated groups that are morphologically indistinguishable.

22. 2. The Biological Species Concept (BSC, Dobzhansky, Mayr)

23. 2. The Biological Species Concept (BSC, Dobzhansky, Mayr) Mayr (1940): species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

24. 2. The Biological Species Concept (BSC, Dobzhansky, Mayr) Dobzhansky (1937): species are the largest and most inclusive reproductive community of sexual and cross-fertilizing individuals that share a common gene pool.

25. Mayr divided the BSC into the “nondimensional” and the “multidimensional” species concept:

26. Nondimensional species concept

27. Mayr divided the BSC into the “nondimensional” and the “multidimensional” species concept: Nondimensional species concept Species A Species B  

28. Mayr divided the BSC into the “nondimensional” and the “multidimensional” species concept: Nondimensional species concept species sympatric and synchronous Species A Species B  

29. Mayr divided the BSC into the “nondimensional” and the “multidimensional” species concept: Nondimensional Multidimensional species concept species concept species sympatric and synchronous Species A Species B  

30. Mayr divided the BSC into the “nondimensional” and the “multidimensional” species concept: Nondimensional Multidimensional species concept species concept species sympatric and synchronous Species A Species B    

31. Mayr divided the BSC into the “nondimensional” and the “multidimensional” species concept: Nondimensional Multidimensional species concept species concept species sympatric species are allopatric and synchronous and/or allochronous Species A Species B    

32. Problems with the BSC:

33. Problems with the BSC: 1. Not applicable to asexual species

34. Problems with the BSC: 1. Not applicable to asexual species 2. Reproductive isolation is often incomplete

35. Problems with the BSC: 1. Not applicable to asexual species 2. Reproductive isolation is often incomplete hybridization is common among many groups (waterfowl, terrestrial plants, freshwater fishes).

36. Problems with the BSC: 1. Not applicable to asexual species 2. Reproductive isolation is often incomplete hybridization is common among many groups (waterfowl, terrestrial plants, freshwater fishes). Top: False killer whale dad Middle: Dolphin mom Bottom: Baby wholphin

37. Wholphin mom Kekaimalu With daughter Kawili'Kai

38. A “liger” Hercules, the liger

39. A “tigon”

40. Problems with the BSC: 1. Not applicable to asexual species 2. Reproductive isolation is often incomplete hybridization is common among many groups (waterfowl, terrestrial plants, freshwater fishes). 3. Multidimensional concept difficult to verify

41. Problems with the BSC: 1. Not applicable to asexual species 2. Reproductive isolation is often incomplete hybridization is common among many groups (waterfowl, terrestrial plants, freshwater fishes). 3. Multidimensional concept difficult to verify how do we assess the “potential to interbreed”?

42. 3. The Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC, Simpson, 1951)

43. 3. The Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC, Simpson, 1951) Definition: an evolutionary species is a lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies.

44. 3. The Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC, Simpson, 1951) Definition: an evolutionary species is a lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies. initially developed to define fossil species.

45. 3. The Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC, Simpson, 1951) Definition: an evolutionary species is a lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies. initially developed to define fossil species.   Time Shell width   Species A Species B

46. Problems with the ESC

47. Problems with the ESC 1. Arbitrary

48. Problems with the ESC 1. Arbitrary how do you define independent roles and tendencies?

49. Problems with the ESC 1. Arbitrary how do you define independent roles and tendencies? 2. Does not provide a mechanism

50. 4. The Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC, Cracraft, 1983)

51. 4. The Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC, Cracraft, 1983) Definition: the smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.

52. 4. The Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC, Cracraft, 1983) Definition: the smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent. two recent extensions are the internodal species concept and the genealogical species concept.

53. Phylogenetic species

54. A “cosmopolitan” copepod, Eurytemora affinis

55. Phylogenetic analyses reveals at least 8 cryptic species

56. Problems with the PSC

57. Problems with the PSC 1. What characters to use?

58. Problems with the PSC 1. What characters to use? 2. What level of divergence constitutes a species?

59. Problems with the PSC 1. What characters to use? 2. What level of divergence constitutes a species? 3. Distinguishing between gene trees and species trees.

60. Problems with the PSC 1. What characters to use? 2. What level of divergence constitutes a species? 3. Distinguishing between gene trees and species trees. 4. Does not address mechanism.

61. 5. The Recognition Species Concept (RSC, Paterson, 1985) 6. The Cohesion Species Concept (CSC, Templeton, 1989) And many more……….