1. Chapter 11: Records (structs)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition
Chapter 11: Records (structs)

2. Objectives In this chapter you will: Learn about records (structs)
Examine various operations on a struct
Explore ways to manipulate data using a struct
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

3. Records (structs)
struct: collection of a fixed number of components, accessed by name
Components may be of different types
Components of a struct are called the members of the struct
struct is a reserved word
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

4. Records (structs) (continued)
The general syntax of a struct is:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

7. Accessing struct Members
The syntax for accessing a struct member is:
The dot (.) is an operator, called the member access operator
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

9. Assignment
Value of one struct variable can be assigned to another struct variable of the same type using an assignment statement
The statement:
student = newStudent;
copies the contents of newStudent into student
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

10. Assignment (continued)
The assignment statement:
student = newStudent;
is equivalent to the following statements:
student.firstName = newStudent.firstName;
student.lastName = newStudent.lastName;
student.courseGrade = newStudent.courseGrade;
student.testScore = newStudent.testScore;
student.programmingScore =
newStudent.programmingScore;
student.GPA = newStudent.GPA;

11. Comparison (Relational Operators)
Compare struct variables member-wise
To compare the values of student and newStudent:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

12. Input/Output No aggregate input/output operations on a struct variable
Data in a struct variable must be read one member at a time
The contents of a struct variable must be written one member at a time
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

13. Input/Output (continued)
cout << newStudent.firstName
<< " " << newStudent.lastName
<< " " << newStudent.courseGrade
<< " " << newStudent.testScore
<< " " << newStudent.programmingScore
<< " " << newStudent.GPA << endl;

14. struct Variables and Functions
A struct variable can be passed as a parameter by value or by reference
A function can return a value of type struct
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

16. Example 1: #include <iostream> #include <string>
using namespace std;
void main() {
struct studentRecord{ // defining struct for student
string name; // student name as a c-string
int number; // student number
int marks[5]; // 5 courses marks };
studentRecord classA[2];
classA[0].name="Ali";
// if the student number is larger then you should use another data type
classA[0].number= ;
classA[0].marks[0]=97;
classA[0].marks[1]=88;
classA[0].marks[2]=83;
classA[0].marks[3]=90;
classA[0].marks[4]=78;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

17. Example 1: (continue) classA[1].name="Hala"; classA[1].number=3456789;
classA[1].marks[0]=88;
classA[1].marks[1]=79;
classA[1].marks[2]=76;
classA[1].marks[3]=92;
classA[1].marks[4]=83;
//printing the second students marks
for(int i=0;i<5; i++) cout << classA[1].marks[i] << " "; }
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

18. Example 2:

19. Example 2: (continue)

20. Summary struct: collection of a fixed number of components
Components can be of different types
struct is a reserved word
No memory is allocated for a struct; memory is allocated for struct variables when declared
Components of a struct are called members
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

21. Summary (continued) struct components are accessed by name
Dot (.) operator is called the member access operator
Members of a struct are accessed using the dot (.) operator
The only built-in operations on a struct are the assignment and member access
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition

22. Summary (continued)
Neither arithmetic nor relational operations are allowed on structs
struct can be passed by value or reference
A function can return a value of type struct
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition