1. HUI216 (Spring 2007)1 HUI216 Italian Civilization Andrea Fedi

2. HUI2162 0.1 The class Web site http://www.campo7.com/hui216 What you will find there announcements and assignments a detailed calendar an outline and notes for each lecture many of the required readings the syllabus the topics for the paper, bibliographical references, and suggestions for further research

3. HUI2163 0.1 Contact information Instructor: Dr. Andrea Fedi Office hours (rm. 1148, Humanities building): Mondays and Wednesdays 5:30-6:30, Thursdays 12:30-2:00, and by appointment Telephone: (631) 632-7449 [there is no voice-mail; to leave an urgent message call (631) 632-7440] E-mail: afedi@ms.cc.sunysb.eduafedi@ms.cc.sunysb.edu

4. HUI2164 0.2 The paper: recommendations and ideas A good paper is all about… connections! Place contents and ideas in the larger context of Italian civilization Explain the relevance of your topic within the pertinent period (Roman civilization or medieval civilization etc.), and/or for Italian civilization in general Once you’ve dealt with the topic that you have chosen, with its specific issues and ramifications, try to answer this question: what is the particular relevance of... (your topic here) for Italian civilization as a whole? What is left of this author/artist/theme in modern-day Italian culture, in Western civilization and culture? Provide at least two specific examples Avoid the “catalogue” format: not too many subtopics Too technical and specific papers, which would be great in a class on history or art history or literature, are usually inappropriate for this class

5. HUI2165 0.2 The paper: format, topics, drafts Regarding the format of footnotes, quotes, references and the bibliography, the important thing is to be consistent You can follow the MLA style, using footnotes or endnotes sparingly, or you can adopt a different format (Chicago style, etc.)Chicago style Acknowledge all sources properly, including Internet web sites Stick to the same standard throughout the entire paper Topics for the papers and a short general bibliography are listed inside the class web page If you wish to write to paper on a different topic, you must obtain permission from the instructor Minimum length for the paper is 5 pages or 1,500 words; max. length is 10 pages or 3,000 words The deadline is May 2 Rules for electronic submissions You can submit an outline or a draft for review and recommendations: please do it well ahead of time

6. HUI2166 0.2 Plagiarism Do not plagiarize Even when you submit a draft, you must properly acknowledge all your sources Plagiarizing (USB definition): copying someone else’s writing or paraphrasing it too closely, even if it constitutes only a portion of your written assignment Please refer to the Web site of the Academic Judiciary Committee for further details http://naples.cc.sunysb.edu/CAS/ajc.nsf http://naples.cc.sunysb.edu/CAS/ajc.nsf “Avoiding Plagiarism”: http://sja.ucdavis.edu/files/plagiarism.pdf http://sja.ucdavis.edu/files/plagiarism.pdf

7. HUI2167 0.2 Plagiarism (copied from UC Davis site in 2003) Use your own words and ideas Give credit for copied, adapted or paraphrased material If you repeat another’s exact words, you MUST use quotation marks and cite the source If you paraphrase a sentence or a paragraph, you must still cite

8. HUI2168 0.2 Plagiarism (copied from UC Davis site in 2003) Avoid using others’ work with minor cosmetic changes synonyms and thesauri: using “less” for “fewer” reversing the order of a sentence: from active to passive You don’t have to cite “common knowledge,” BUT the fact must really be commonly known That Abraham Lincoln was the U.S. President during the Civil War is common knowledge That over 51,000 Union and Confederate soldiers died in the Battle of Gettysburg is not

9. HUI2169 0.2 Plagiarism: examples (UC Davis) The Original Source “In research writing, sources are cited for two reasons: to alert readers to the sources of your information and to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas” (Diana Hacker, A Writer’s Reference, St. Martin’s Press, 1995, p. 260) Plagiarism (same words, no quotation marks) In research writing, sources are cited to alert readers to the sources of your information and to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas. The student has used the author’s exact words, leaving out only a phrase, without quotation marks or a citation

10. HUI21610 0.2 Plagiarism: more examples (from UC Davis) The Original Source “In research writing, sources are cited for two reasons: to alert readers to the sources of your information and to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas” (Diana Hacker, A Writer’s Reference, St. Martin’s Press, 1995, p. 260) Also Plagiarism In research writing, we cite sources for a couple reasons: to notify readers of our information sources and give credit to those from whom we have borrowed (Hacker) The student has made only slight changes, substituting words such as “a couple” for “two,” “notify” for “alert,” and “our”/“we” for “your”/“you,” leaving out a few words, and giving an incomplete citation

11. HUI21611 0.2 Plagiarism: last examples (from UC Davis) A Solution (appropriate paraphrase) A researcher cites her sources to ensure her audience knows where she got her information, and to recognize and credit the original work (Hacker 260) This student has paraphrased in her own words, while accurately reflecting and citing the author’s ideas A Different Solution (quotation with cite) In her book A Writer’s Reference, Diana Hacker notes, “In research writing, sources are cited for two reasons: to alert readers to the sources of your information and to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas” (260) By introducing his source, the student signals that the following material is from that source All verbatim words are in quotation marks, and the source of the quote is cited with a page number

12. HUI21612 0.3 Preparing for the final exam When you prepare for the exam, focus on 1) lectures and presentations 2) required readings from the Internet 3) readings from the textbook When you review the readings focus on themes, ideas, references to history and culture fiction: the basic plot, the main characters, style Also be prepared to match important dates with crucial events match places with peoples/cultures match authors with the titles of their major works

13. HUI21613 1.1 Differences among Italians Different areas of Italy have different languages and different cultures because their histories were different, even though their destinies were affected by the same crucial events at one point or another Their political institutions, the official languages, the economies and even the school systems, to name just a few components, have been different for a very long time Consider the difficult relationship between Northerners and Southerners: more about this in the next slides Before 1861, for example, Neapolitan was the official language used in the kingdom of Naples, used in official documents and at the court Until 1797 the Republic of Venice, in its official documents and laws, used a language which was a mix of Tuscan and Venetian, with a few Latin words and expressions interspersed in it

14. HUI21614 1.1 The South and the North of Italy Even when we talk about the South and the North as well- defined entities we are really making too broad a generalization If you consider the regions in the North of Italy, only the modern political party called Northern league can believe that all the regions of the Po valley have a common identity and share common historical denominators The reality is that even when you consider a very small parcel of Italian land, you will usually find noticeable differences, and this will be clearer to you next week, after you read a presentation of some travelogues written by British and American travelers, who went to Tuscany between the end of the 19th-century and the beginning of the 20th century Those travelers indeed believed that the inhabitants of Tuscan towns and villages separated by just a few miles belonged to different ethnic groups, that their cultural differences corresponded to different racial identities!

15. HUI21615 1.1 The South and the North of Italy (2) Social and economic differences between North and South in Italy were largely determined by the different history of the two areas of the Italian peninsula Contrary to common belief, those differences have little to do with the level of education In fact, depending on the areas of the North and the South that you choose to compare, you find that small towns in Apulia or Sicily may have a much higher percentage of people with a diploma or a university degree The phenomenon is produced exactly by the limited possibilities that the economy offers in some local areas: many people from the South have to depend on their education to find a job either with governmental agencies (in Rome or in other major cities), or with the larger companies and factories that are numerous in the North

16. HUI21616 1.1 The South and the North of Italy (3) In some small towns in the northeast of Italy there is instead a higher percentage of school dropouts, because young people, even teenagers, can easily find a job with local manufacturing companies in a booming economy They might choose money and the security of an employment over a longer and more arduous curriculum of studies In the case of small companies, which are very common in areas of the North, further encouragement to leave education and start working may come from the fact that members of the same extended family all work together, sharing ownership and profits of a small business

17. HUI21617 1.1 The South and the North of Italy (4) The trend that I just described has been strong especially during the 1980s and at the end of the 1990s Nowadays those same manufacturing companies of the North have a harder time finding enough workers, and they beg the government to allow more foreign workers into the country At the same time, competition with the cheaper workforce available in Eastern Europe (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, etc.) has slowed down salary increases in Italy, and therefore less Italians choose a blue-collar job

18. HUI21618 1.1 Data about the South and the North Growth rate of gross domestic product in Italy divided by area, in recent years (from data published by CENSIS, an Italian agency, in 2002; the Italian regions included in each area are indicated in a map posted in another slide)CENSIS 200020012002 Northwest3.4%2.5%2.9% Northeast3.02.22.8 Center2.72.22.6 South2.42.22.5

19. HUI21619 1.1 Data about the South and the North (2) Unemployment in the South of Italy, according to CENSIS, was below 20 percent at the end of 2002, an abysmal number, almost twice as much as the national average On the other hand, exports from the South of Italy between 1999 and 2000 have grown by a staggering 27.3 percent, considerably more than the national average, during the same period, of 16.5 percent. Still, in spite of this noticeable increase, the actual monetary value of those exports is much lower than the corresponding figure for each of the other three areas of Italy, which explains why the growth rate of the gross domestic product for the South is lagging behind

20. HUI21620 1.2 The slow process of political unification  “Italy is a geographical expression” (famous statement by Austria’s Prime Minister, Prince of Metternich, in 1849: at that time Austria controlled most of the Italian northeast)  Unification, in the case of Italy, has been a very slow process compared to the evolution of other countries in Europe, such as Spain, France or England  In 1861, after a first, partial unification of Italy, the first kings, the Savoias (or Savoy) gave the Italian nation a highly centralized government, afraid that a federal structure could weaken the newly created political entity  They firmly believed that federalism could not achieve the result of bringing the various Italian communities together  They did not believe that Italy was the cultural and historic reality with well-developed roots in Italian society

21. HUI21621 1.2 The slow process of political unification (2)  The Italian identity, national values, and the very idea of Italy as one society, with one sentiment, common projects for the future, common traditions, lived mostly in the hearts and the works of Italian writers and artists, painters, sculptors or musicians  Italy for long has remained an idea cherished by intellectuals, with no grounding in history  In fact often reality showed a different picture: wars and violent fights among Italians, divisions on political and social issues  During the naval battle of Lissa (1866), the newly created Italian fleet battled against the fleet of the Austrian empire, whose ships were manned mostly by Venetian sailors under the orders of Austrian officers; rather than being the glorious page in the history of the liberation of Italy that Italian textbooks of my childhood claimed, the battle was another case of Italians willingly fighting against other Italians

22. HUI21622 1.2 Italians fighting on different sides: the episode of Via Rasella In 1943, during the Second World War, the Allies landed in Sicily Before the end of the summer of 1943, after Mussolini had been removed from power and arrested, Italy left its alliance with Germany and Japan to take side with the Allies The German army then occupied most of Italy, and helped reconstitute a fascist government based in the Po Valley, in the north of Italy For a year and half the fascist army of the so-called Republic of Salò (from the name of the town on the Garda lake where the fascists placed their headquarters) fought with the Germans against Italian partisans and later against units of the former Italian army deployed under Allied command: it was a Civil War of sorts, with many Italian casualties on both sides

23. HUI21623 1.2 Italians fighting on different sides: the episode of Via Rasella (2) Rome, still occupied by the Germans, was proclaimed “open city” in order to protect its artistic treasures In March 1944, while Americans where fighting their way out of the shores south of Rome, Italian partisans placed a large amount of explosive by a street-sweeper’s cart in Via Rasella As troops of the German police regiment “Bozen” (=Bolzano, the name of a city in northern Italy) marched through Via Rasella, the explosive was detonated, killing instantly 32 of the soldiers, almost all of whom were South Tyroleans, i.e. Italians from Alto Adige, an area close of the border with Austria where German is still the main language The Germans retaliated the next day, executing 335 persons (Jews and other Italians held in the prisons of Rome) in the Ardeatine Caves near Rome

24. HUI21624 1.3 The existence of a dual identity throughout Italian history While Roman civilization did so much to unify Italy from the point of view of politics and the administration, the process of cultural and linguistic assimilation of the various cultures and civilizations that existed in Italy before and during Roman domination (to name just a few: the Etruscans, the Greeks, the Gauls, the Sabines) was much slower, and in some cases was interrupted by the barbaric invasions and by the collapse of the Empire during the V century CE (=Common Era)

25. HUI21625 1.3 The existence of a dual identity throughout Italian history (2) After the Roman Empire collapsed, various local communities, which maintained limited contacts with one another, saw a resurgence of local customs and dialects Peoples that under the Empire considered themselves both Romans and, at the same time, Greeks or Samnites or Gauls, returned to emphasize their original local identity They kept referring to themselves as Romans for a few centuries after the fall of the Empire (we have documents that illustrate that habit), when in fact they were already developing new vernacular languages based on Latin with the contribution of local languages or of local variations of Latin (these new languages are the so-called Neo-Latin languages, a group that includes most Italian dialects) The dual identity that was so common under the Romans was then replaced by a single highly localized identity throughout the Middle Ages

26. HUI21626 1.3 Dual identity in Italian civilization and society After France, Spain and Germany occupied or extended their political influence over portions of Italy, cultural and political projects of unification born at the end of the Middle Ages were put on hold for another three centuries When Italy finally became one again, under the Savoia family, the new royal family was so afraid that they might lose their authority over the new national territory that they imposed a highly centralized structure to Italy, even though the best political minds of that time recommended that Italy be a federation, to respect the autonomy and to reflect the peculiar history of each region

27. HUI21627 1.3 Dual identity in Italian society That process of forced unification, imposed from the top, did not erase the differences that existed in Italian society, simply masked them In fact, the lack of consideration for local cultures made many Italians angry at the new government, so that many citizens failed to identify and bond with the new national government, only reinforcing their allegiance to the small parcel of land and to the small community they grew in

28. HUI21628 1.3 Dual identity in Italian society To this day most Italians have a dual identity Often in social gatherings they introduce themselves as Tuscans or Sicilians, or better yet as citizens of a single town or village, while at the same time few reject the idea that they are also Italian But you can still see the mixed feelings that Italians have for their central national government in behaviors such as widespread fiscal evasion, and in the general lack of national pride (very few, including yours truly, know the national anthem by heart, most are eager to criticize their country and their leaders, etc.)

29. HUI21629 1.3 Religion in Italian civilization Nonetheless, there are unifying factors in Italian civilization, such as the respect for classical culture, the widespread deep interest in political issues, and religion Religion was a powerful unifying force inside Italian culture and customs for many centuries Even during the period of the separation between the Catholic Church and the Protestants, all attempts to bring some of the Italian states outside the Catholic world and have them join the Protestant movement failed

30. HUI21630 1.3 Religion in Italian civilization (2) There were Protestants among the Italian intellectuals and politicians, especially in Venice and in northern Italy, and some who took into careful consideration the idea of severing all contacts with the Papacy as a way of strengthening local governments In fact there had been times in which Popes used the power and the charisma associated with their position to maneuver Catholics, so that they would lobby for or against legislation that did not encounter the favor of the clergy: but you should not fall prey to simplistic generalizations about the use and abuse of political power by the Church Even in today’s much secularized Italian society, 86 percent of the Italian citizens choose to donate money to the Catholic Church through a specific option available on their income tax forms: their state-regulated contributions to the Church in 2003 were approximately 1 billion euros (€1=$1.33, as of 1/2/07)

31. HUI21631 1.4 "La parola Italia" [The word Italy] "La parola Italia" ("The word Italy") was the title of a conference held in Florence in February of 2001 Prominent Italian scholars, writers and politicians participated and read papers Giuliano Amato, Italy’s premier at that time, said on that occasion that ideals such as State and Nation lack prestige in Italy, adding that Italian politicians are responsible for that, because they are concerned only with their own power and that of their parties

32. HUI21632 1.4 "La parola Italia" [The word Italy] (2) Patriotism and nationalism were weakened by the events of 1943-45, according to Catholic intellectual Pietro Scoppola and writer (and former president of the Italian public TV) Enzo Siciliano Patriotism, the defense of the homeland and the advancement of the nation where key ideas in fascist propaganda, especially between 1943 and 1945 On the other hand, both the left-wing partisans and the Catholics fighting against Germans and fascists were coming from a cultural background in which the idea of nation was less important than the values of international cooperation and mutual human respect and support

33. HUI21633 1.4 "La parola Italia" [The word Italy] (3) Tullio De Mauro, former Minister of Education, offered the following remarks 95% of Italians now speak Italian fairly well, but 49% of them have the equivalent of a 5th grade education, mostly older adults (either because they grew up in rural areas, or because their education was interrupted by the dramatic events of the Second World War) Other scholars remarked that Italy has a weak identity, a polycentric profile Each Italian has a multiple identity (local, regional and national) This may be why many Italians were in favor of the European Union (EU) And why so many favor the extension of political rights and the granting of citizenship to legal immigrants

34. HUI21634 1.5 Obstacles along the path to Italy’s cultural and political unification  Geography  One should not overlook the fact that mountains (e.g., the Alps, the Apennines) cover two thirds or more of the Italian peninsula; the orography, i.e. the physical configuration of the Italian territory, certainly played a role in maintaining local identities and regional traditions separate

35. HUI21635 Source of map http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/CITY.GUIDE S/WORLD/Europe/italy/bigmap.html 116,341 square miles 20 regions (administrative and political unities) 100+ provinces, corresponding to the larger towns and cities Only four cities have more than one million inhabitants: Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin 4 seas, areas of the larger Mediterranean Sea 1.5 Italy

36. HUI21636 Source of map http://www.italyemb.org/italiaf2.jpg The main mountains and valleys The Alps (“Alpi”) The Apennines (“Appennino…”) The Po valley (“Pianura padana”) The territory offers very few natural resources (minerals, oil etc.), and few areas where agriculture can be a profitable enterprise Italy is more or less at the same latitude as New York State, but enjoys a much milder climate thanks to the high mountains shielding the peninsula from the cold northern winds 1.5 Italy

37. HUI21637 Source of map: http://web.mit.edu/conor/www/whereswally/ europe.jpg Being close to western and central Europe, Italy’s commercial economy prospered during much of its long history The driving force of the economy during most times has been the activity of importing goods from the Middle East and from North Africa, and exporting them to the rest of Europe Being close to the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and to the unstable Federation of former Yugoslavia, during the Cold War Italy’s democracy could not develop fully or freely, since the first priority of foreign allies (the U.S. and NATO) was to keep Italy (with the largest Communist Party in Western Europe) from surrendering to the influence and power of the Soviet regime and its military/political alliance (the countries of the Warsaw Pact) 1.5 Italy between East and West, North and South

38. HUI21638 1.5 Map of the European Union – Interactive map at http://europa.eu.int/abc/maps/index_en.htm http://europa.eu.int/abc/maps/index_en.htm

39. HUI21639 1.5 The main geographical areas in Italy: Northwestern, Northeastern, Central, and Southern Italy (with the islands)

40. HUI21640 1.6 Considerations about stereotypes in proverbs and sayings  Even some of the proverbs and sayings that are still popular in many Italian regions prove that local identities have always been very strong, rooted in the past of the different communities  In fact it is not uncommon even now to hear or read proverbs that betray the persistent rivalry between neighboring towns  For example, in Tuscany there is the saying "Fiorentini ciechi" ("Florentines blind")  This saying is used by itself, or in combination with others, in this form: "Fiorentini ciechi, / Pisani traditori, / Senesi matti / Lucchesi signori"

41. HUI21641 1.6 Considerations about stereotypes in proverbs and sayings (2)  The use of the epithet "blind" for the Florentines is documented as early as the XIV century  Here is the common explanation given at that time  In the Baptistery of San Giovanni, in Florence, on either side of Ghiberti's Door of Paradise there are two porphyry columns. The columns were donated to Florence by the Pisans as a sign of gratitude for the military help that the city received in 1117 against Lucca, when Pisa's fleet was otherwise engaged against the Moslems in the Balearic Islands. The two columns are fractured, perhaps after one of the floods, though popular tradition would have it that they were already broken when they arrived from Pisa, and hidden beneath lengths of cloth for this reason, thus justifying the saying "The Florentines are blind and the Pisans are traitors."

42. HUI21642 1.6 Ghiberti’s Gates of Paradise in Florence (1425- 1452), and one of its panels, with a scene of the story of Joseph, from the Old Testament

43. HUI21643 1.6 More examples of proverbs and sayings  "Senesi matti" ("Sienese mad") is also a very ancient saying: in the seventh Day of Boccaccio's Decameron (1350s), the character Dioneo, in the introduction to his novella staged in Siena, mentions "la bessaggine de' sanesi" ("the stupidity of the Sienese")  Rumor has — even today — that the water of a famous Sienese fountain, Fontebranda, causes incurable madness in those who drink from itFontebranda  And one cannot forget the ever popular (and ever offensive) "Meglio un morto in casa che un pisano all'uscio" ("better a death in the family than somebody from Pisa at the front door")  According to the traditional explanation, death is more bearable because Pisans always complain so much that they make everybody around them terribly sad and depressed

44. HUI21644 1.6 More examples of proverbs and sayings (2)  Among many others, the insult "thieves" is one that seems to bounce from one side of Tuscany to the other, inside sayings  For example: "A Marradi," the proverb goes, "seminano fagioli e nascon ladri" ("In Marradi they plant beans, and grow thieves")  Tradition has that Dante himself, traveling through that region, refused to spend the night in the village of Marradi, apparently because of its bad reputation. According to the joke which is supposed to explain the name of the village, somebody asked him: "Why don't you stop here? This is a town of gentlemen." To which he replied: "Sì, MA RADI" ("Yes, but scarce").  During a different research I happened to find a much better way to explain this proverb, inside a letter sent by a famous Jesuit, Paolo Segneri, to the Grand Duke Cosimo III, in 1681. In that letter, Segneri remarks that it would be wise to have a special police officer in Marradi, because the village being so close to the borders of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, it is too easy for its citizens commits criminal acts and then cross the border passing into Romagna, the next state (extradition was very rare at that time)

45. HUI21645 1.6 Proverbs and sayings: a nation of thieves?  Among those accused of theft in proverbs and sayings, no one has a reputation worse than the inhabitants of Campi Bisenzio, a town near Florence:  "Brozzi, Peretola e Campi, / son la peggio genia che Cristo stampi" ("Brozzi, Peretola and Campi are the worst species created by Christ")  "Campi, valigia davanti" ("In Campi, [keep] your suitcase in front of you")  "Si dice a Pisa e a Pontedera: / Campi è un luogo da inferno e da galera" ("...Campi is a place good for hell and jail")  It was also said, as a joke, that Campi did not have a cemetery because all the Campigiani died in jail (in Florence, the nearest city), and so they did not really need a place to be buried back home

46. HUI21646 1.6 Proverbs and sayings: a nation of thieves? (2)  Because of its reputation, Campi deserves an entire chapter in a famous pamphlet, Those Cursed Tuscans (1956), written by a prominent 20 th -century Italian author, Curzio Malaparte  Malaparte maintains that still in the early 1900s the people of Prato (his hometown) "were afraid to pass by Campi at night," and, in his usual caustic way, he closes the chapter with a peculiar defense of the Campigiani, which borders on insult  "And there they are, rigid on the bridge, my dear Campigiani. Look them in the face. To recognize true Tuscans one need only look them in the face. They all have flaming skins, scorched eyebrows and burnt hair, as if only just now returning from a long trip through the infernal regions."

47. HUI21647 1.7 Inno di Mameli (The Hymn of Mameli): Lyrics by Goffredo Mameli (1827-49), music by Michele Novaro (1822-85) The music was composed in 1847 In 1861, when Italy became united, the national anthem was the "March of the House of Savoy" To that anthem the Fascist government (1922- 43/45) added a second one, "Giovinezza" Mameli’s Hymn became the provisional national anthem in Oct. 1946, after Italy became a Republic

48. HUI21648 1.7 Inno di Mameli (The Hymn of Mameli): Italy’s national anthem The words recall the battles for freedom waged by the Italians against the Austrians and the French If you understand Italian, use instead the Web site of the Quirinale, the official residence of the President of the Italian republic http://www.quirinale.it/simboli/inno/inno.htm Here everybody can find audio files of the anthem, playable onscreenHere

49. HUI21649 1.7 Inno di Mameli (Hymn of Mameli): key passages on Roman glory, on the connection between nation and war, on political divisions Fratelli d’Italia L’Italia s’è desta, Dell’elmo di Scipio S’è cinta la testa. […] Stringiamci a coorte, Siam pronti alla morte: Italia chiamò! Noi siamo da secoli Calpesti e derisi, Perché non siam popolo, Perché siam divisi [...]. Italian brothers, Italy has awaken, She has wreathed her head With the helmet of Scipio. […] Let us gather in legions, We are ready to die! Italy has called! We for centuries Have been downtrodden and derided, Because we are not a people, Because we are divided.

50. HUI21650 1.7 What many Italians would like as national anthem: "Va' pensiero" ( Nabucco, by G. Verdi, libretto by T. Solera, 1842; link points to site with audio files) Nabucco "Nabucco was Verdi's third opera, and his first real success" In this chorus "the Jews, enslaved in Babylon, sigh for their distant homeland" "Italy in 1842 was still a divided country, partially occupied by Austria" Verdi "saw in the plight of the Jews in their Babylonian exile a metaphor for the condition of Italy in his own time" "Fly, thought, on golden wings; rest upon the slopes and hills, where, soft and mild, the air of our native land smells sweet! Hail the banks of the Jordan and Zion's fallen towers. Oh, my country, so lovely and lost! Oh, remembrance, so dear and despairing!" Original source (now offline): http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/pr ogrammenotes/verdi73a.shtml

51. HUI21651 1.7 I don’t feel Italian Giorgio Gaber was a well-known singer- actor, who began his career during the 1960s His last CD, I don’t feel Italian, came out a few days before his untimely death (due to cancer), and rapidly reached the first place in the Italian hit parade, having sold 100 thousand copies during the first week alone (it came out on Jan. 24 th, 2003) Even former Italian President Francesco Cossiga manifested his appreciation of the title song, which is representative with the problems associated with the establishment of a national Italian identity

52. HUI21652 1.7 Excerpts from Giorgio Gaber, “Io non mi sento italiano” (2003) Io G. G. sono nato e vivo a Milano / Io non mi sento italiano / ma per fortuna o purtroppo lo sono. Mi scusi Presidente / non è per colpa mia / ma questa nostra Patria / non so che cosa sia. […] Mi scusi Presidente / non sento un gran bisogno dell'inno nazionale / di cui un po' mi vergogno. […] Mi scusi Presidente / ma ho in mente il fanatismo / delle camice nere / al tempo del fascismo. Mi scusi Presidente / ma forse noi italiani / per gli altri siamo solo / spaghetti e mandolini. / Allora qui m'incazzo / son fiero e me ne vanto / gli sbatto sulla faccia / cos'è il Rinascimento.

53. HUI21653 1.7 Giorgio Gaber, “I don’t feel Italian” (2003) I, G. G., was born and live in Milan / I don't feel Italian / however luckily or unfortunately I am. I am sorry Mr. President / it isn't my fault / but this motherland of ours / I don't know what it is. […] I am sorry Mr. President / I don't really feel the need for the national anthem / and I am a bit ashamed of it. […] I am sorry Mr. President / but it brings to mind the fanaticism / of the black shirts / at the time of Fascism. I am sorry Mr. President / but maybe us Italians / for others we are only / spaghetti and mandolins. / And so here I get mad / I am proud and I brag about it / I shove in their face / what the Renaissance is.

54. HUI21654 1.8 The Italian flag It was first introduced during the Napoleonic wars, in 1797 It was modeled after the French flag, considered then the symbol of democracy The colors are connected to the city of Milan red and white were in the emblem of the commune of Milan green was used for the uniforms of the Milanese civic guards

55. HUI21655 1.8 The emblem of the Italian Republic it was realized by Paolo Peschetto, and chosen with a national contest it was approved as the official emblem of the Republic in 1948 the star represents hope and victory (cf. the Risorgimento) the cog-wheel represents work (see the art. 1 of the It. Constitution, which begins with the words “Italy is a democratic republic based on labor”)art. 1 of the It. Constitution the olive and oak branches with leaves symbolize peace and strength, dignity

56. HUI21656 1.9 National Italian identity and the issue of language

57. HUI21657 1.9 Standard Italian: its components  Italy’s current national language is called by linguists Standard or Neo-Standard Italian  Standard Italian is in many ways a new and artificial language  Its components  the literary Tuscan language of the past (Petrarch, Boccaccio, Bembo): syntax and lexicon  the dialect spoken by middle-class educated inhabitants in a small area of Tuscany (Florence, Prato, Pistoia), at the time of the unification of Italy (1820s-1880s): mostly the lexicon, some syntax, not the pronunciation  the lexicon of other parts of Tuscany, of other parts of Italy, the “national Tuscan”

58. HUI21658 1.9 Standard Italian and literature  Florentine was not simply proclaimed the new national language as it was  Italian also borrowed words, rules and expressions from the literary tradition, from the great late medieval writers (Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio), as well as from authors of the Renaissance and of the 19th century (Manzoni)  In reference to literature, the period known as Baroque, between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, was considered less important due to aesthetic as well as political reasons (the foreign domination of Italy)

59. HUI21659 1.9 Tuscan, Florentine and Italian literature, culture and society  Mainstream literature in Italy, starting from the end of the Middle Ages, always held Tuscan in high regard  literary Tuscan was a language very close to the Florentine dialect, but more generic, kind of a middle ground among various Tuscan dialects  Often, in the past, even authors from Venice, Milan or Naples would choose Tuscan as the language of their literary creations, even though they spoke Venetian, Lombard or Neapolitan at home and in public  Italian literature therefore had reached a certain degree of unity long before the Italian Kingdom was created

60. HUI21660 1.9 Literary Tuscan and Italian culture/society  Italian literary language, though, could not be proposed to all Italians effectively  because it had been for such a long time the sole domain of an elite of intellectuals and writers  because it had become extremely rich and varied, but also difficult to use for anybody who did not have a university degree, or the equivalent education  it was mostly a written language  it was spoken in just a few places/occasions (secondary schools, colleges, public ceremonies, politics)

61. HUI21661 1.10 Neolatin vernaculars in Italy  Times when there wasn't a proper national language in Italy...  before Latin was introduced in all of Italy by the Roman government, more than 2000 years ago  after Latin ceased to be the only language of the central government and of the local administrations (with the collapse of the Roman empire, in 476 CE)  Various vernaculars or dialects, very different from each other, have developed in time from Latin and from other Indo-European languages (Greek, Umbrian, Ligurian, Sican, etc.), spoken locally before and after the Romans

62. HUI21662 1.10 Neolatin vernaculars in Italy  Italy’s dialects are not simply varieties of one national language, since the official national language or standard Italian was introduced and, so to speak, created only 100+ years ago  Most dialects in Italy can be more properly classified as separate Neolatin/Romance languages, each with a separate phonetic system, a different syntax and lexicon, an original literary tradition, etc.  The traditional use of the term dialects can be somewhat deceiving

63. HUI21663 1.10 Examples of present-day Italian dialects  Internet is a friendly, inexpensive medium for the preservation of local cultures and languages. Many are the sites aimed at the preservation of the collective memories and traditions of small groups/communities, and many are the sites in which a local Italian dialect is used, instead of the standard national language, to post or exchange information  I have collected a few, whenever I found them mentioned in Italian newspapers or magazines. I'll be the first to admit that often I can only understand a few words here and there, in those sites. But I think that even just seeing so much diversity with your own eyes, just looking at those pages for a minute, brings you to a higher level of understanding of the topics and issues that we are examining. NB: while the following links are all working, more than a few of the sub-links inside those pages can be very slow or dead: Click here to see texts written in a dialect of Lombardyhere Click here to read poems written in the dialect of Ferrara (still in the North)here Click here for an introductory course of Neapolitan dialect, in Englishhere A site in the dialect of Bologna, with.mp3 files of songs in that dialectthe dialect of Bologna European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages or EBLUL, a EU-sponsored agency created to support linguistic diversityEuropean Bureau for Lesser Used Languages

64. HUI21664 1.11 Body language in Italian society Even hand gestures change from region to region See the next slides for a brief list of gestures used in various Italian regions Body language as a whole changes too some Italians are more inclined to touch the other person's hand, forearm or shoulder in the course of a conversation some may be more liberal with hugs and kisses (kissing and hugging each person more than once, and in more social occasions)

65. HUI21665 1.11 Body language in Italian society The individual's perception of his/her personal space can also be different many Italians will feel comfortable even in tight quarters with strangers when passing by another person in the narrow aisle of a store, they will rarely use the Italian equivalent of "excuse me" (permesso), provided there is enough space to pass If you want to learn more, I suggest that you read the more scholarly article entitled “Non- Verbal Communication across Cultures” by Max S. Kirch (The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 63, No. 8., Dec. 1979), available in JSTOR

66. HUI21666 1.11 Excerpts from “Gesture in Italian Speech,” by Laura Raffa The notion that Italians 'speak with their hands' is only partially correct The use of hand gestures cannot replace the spoken word Rather, gestures complement the spoken intent of the speaker Coupled with expressive vocal animation, some hand movements are global gestures, while others are region-specific The hand shake of the Anglo-Saxon world has been introduced into Italian society for the purpose of business negotiations and deals, and has since extended to less formal occasions Yet, generally the Italians are not as formal as their English counterparts and are accustomed to greeting each other with two kisses on both cheeks (the bacetto) In the Southern regions of Italy, for stylistic effect, hand gestures are often accompanied with vigorous movements and in some cases they supersede the need for words

67. HUI21667 1.11 Excerpts from “Gesture in Italian Speech,” by Laura Raffa (2) The act of placing the fingers of your two hands together and shaking your hands slightly up and down is a gesture that shows disapproval. It is usually used towards younger children when they have disobeyed their elders. Young adults, in a satiric look at their parents' and grand-parents' generation also mimic it. The shaking of the right index finger shows this disapproval and can replace the word 'No' Other examples of Italian gestures do not require a lot of discussion because of their global nature. Such is the act of passing the middle and index finger across the thumb, with its universal meaning of the expensive nature of a particular article or event. Similarly, lightly tapping the forehead with the back of the hand symbolizes that the other person is crazy or has made a remark that is not credible.

68. HUI21668 1.11 Italian gestures A series of global and Italian gestures, explained in Italian and English, shown with pictures and short RealPlayer videos, organized by theme http://www.ccsf.edu/Departments/Language_La b/gesti/00Gesti.htmhttp://www.ccsf.edu/Departments/Language_La b/gesti/00Gesti.htm This site was created by Giorgio Spanò, City College of San Francisco See also Andrea de Jorio, Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity [1832] (transl. Adam Kendon; Indiana UP, 2000)

69. HUI21669 1.12 Bilingualism and diglossia (H/L: high prestige/low prestige) in Italydiglossia  Most Italians, until just a few decades ago, were bilingual  They spoke a local/regional dialect as their primary language at home or with their friends (L)  They learned standard Italian at school (or thru printed materials, theater, radio, cinema, tv), and used it in public places or in the presence of somebody from a different region (H)  Compulsory education and television have tamed this special brand of bilingualism  nowadays, while most elderly Italians are still able to speak their dialect, many younger Italians can only understand it and use it sparingly, often mixing standard Italian and dialect in their conversations

70. HUI21670 1.12 Bilingualism in the emigrant Italian communities  The case of Argentina: legend has (I have always heard or read this anecdote, but I have never found any serious research done on it) that when Argentineans had to choose their official national language, they considered Italian as an option, since Italians were (and still are) one of the largest immigrant communities in that country  They soon realized that Italians coming from different regions were speaking different dialects, and sometimes resorted to Castilian (the official language of Spain) to communicate with each other! (Keep in mind that most immigrants from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century had received little or no schooling in their home country, so they could not speak standard Italian well)  As they say, if this anecdote is not true it is well found, certainly highly plausible

71. HUI21671 1.13 Foreign languages spoken in Italy (from https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/it.html and http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IT)https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/it.html http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IT German dialects parts of the Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking; small minority in Valle d’Aosta French dialects French-speaking minority in the Valle d'Aosta region Slovene Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area Romani Greek Albanian Catalan